On the Historical Stages of Chinese Printing History
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Writing history, regardless of social history, cultural history, or history of science and technology, has a historical stage problem. The history of Chinese printing is no exception.
The historical staging problem of Chinese printing history, in a narrow sense, refers to the fact that printing has been divided into several historical periods and several historical stages since the invention of this 1300-year history; in a broad sense, it includes printing. The thousands of years of history, including the pre-invention period, are divided into several historical periods and several historical stages.
The history of Chinese printing has traced its roots and it has gone through thousands of years of development. In the long years of these thousands of years, it has developed along with the development of science and technology; it was born in response to the needs of society, and in turn promoted the development of society, and at the same time was restricted by the social environment. It is closely related to society, culture, science and technology. Therefore, studying the historical stage of China's printing history should not only take into account the synchronization of its various stages of social, cultural, scientific and technological development, but also its shackles.
To study the historical stage of Chinese printing history, we must first have a standard. Since printing is science and technology and industry, this standard should be the development of process technology and printing. In the history, many new achievements in science and technology have been applied to printing, leading to a leap in printing technology. Metal smelting technology is used to cast movable type; the development of the mechanical industry has produced printing machinery and equipment; the application of electricity has led to the electrical control of printing equipment; the introduction of photography has produced photo-engraving and photo-typesetting; the emergence of electronic computers has led to electronic color separation, Electronic engraving, electronic typesetting, etc. It is the new science and technology that has led to the renewal of printing technology, which has clearly marked the development stage of printing. It is most appropriate to use these signs to stash.
According to the above, the author believes that the printing history should be divided into "preparation and invention (original period)", "development and prosperity of hand-printing (ancient history)", "introduction and development of modern printing (printing modern history) "The rise of modern printing (part of modern history)" and other four periods. These four historical periods constitute the main framework of China's printing history, and are divided into several historical stages according to the situation in each period.
First, Preparation and invention period
The earliest invented printing was engraving (the early stencils were also hand-carved). The key technology for engraving is engraving plates and brushes. The brush must be engraved first. Therefore, the emergence of engraving technology is the source of printing. From the advent of engraving technology to the invention and perfection of engraving, it has experienced the early hand-engraving technology and its development; stamping and stamping; engraving and rubbing; and engraving and printing in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. These four stages show the whole process of printing from germination to invention and perfection.
(1)Early hand-engraving techniques. The print on the printed stone in the Neolithic period was printed. The printing technique of the printed pottery includes engraving impressions and embossing. Engraving and embossing, opening the carving, printing the first. The engravings on the oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty indicate that the hand-carving techniques at this time have matured. The further development of hand-engraving techniques lies in the application of inscriptions, stone inscriptions and seals. This stage is played before the engraving of the plate.
(2)Stamping and stamping. The prevailing stamping, sealing mud and die-printing of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the purpose is to obtain the imprint, which is essentially the application of imprinting technology, to enlighten the brush.
When it comes to imprinting and brushing, it should be noted that both imprinting and brushing are reproductions. The purpose is to obtain the imprint and the replica. The difference is that the way to obtain the imprint is different. (Strictly speaking, the brush also contains pressure), the two are similar, not substantially different. However, to study the invention of printing, it is first necessary to clarify what is printing, and always draw a line between the preparation of the printing and the invention. Where is this line drawn? The author believes that the line on the "brush" is the most appropriate. The stamping before the invention of printing was embossed; the manual production period after the invention of printing for thousands of years was brushed; modern printing and modern printing were reversed. But today's embossing is far from being comparable, and it has developed into a large-scale mechanized and electrified industrial production.
(3)Missing and rubbing. In the word printing, the printing (version) is the foundation, and the brush (printing) is the key. As far as the traditional printing in China is concerned, only the “brushing and printing” can be regarded as printing. In the Han Dynasty, the engraving and stenciling of the fabric printing and dyeing process, and the subsequent rubbing, all adopted the brushing method, which has the basic elements of printing, which marks the preparation period of printing. It has already crossed the critical step of printing (pressing) to brush (printing). Think of it as the embryonic form of printing, when there is no doubt.
(4)Engraving and painting. The carvings of Buddha statues, calendar days and books that began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties are the perfect signs of the perfection of engraving and printing. So far, the invention of printing has been completed.
Second, the initial development and prosperity of printing - ancient history
After the invention of printing, after the Tang, Five Dynasties, Song (including Liao, Jin), Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, to the Qing Dynasty, the printing technology and printing industry reached an unprecedented level. This historical period lasted for a thousand years, mainly The feature is manual operation, which is the development and prosperity of traditional Chinese printing in the history of printing. According to the development situation, it can be divided into the following three stages:
(1)The initial development and prosperity of engraving. More than a thousand years ago, the Tang Dynasty, social stability, economic prosperity, Buddhism prevailed, and pen, ink, paper and other printed materials were cheap and easy to obtain, which created good conditions for the development of printing, enabling printing Smooth development. Since the Five Dynasties, the ruling class has begun to pay attention to printing and completed the engraving of the Jiu Jing, which lasted for 22 years. This feat has greatly accelerated the development of printing, leading to the formation of the Song Dynasty society, the formation of the book, and the prosperity and prosperity of the engraving.
(2)The expansion, popularization and improvement of manual printing technology. In addition to the continued development of the engraving and printing of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Yuan and Ming dynasties have made great and breakthrough progress in movable type printing, pattern printing and banknote printing. First of all, in the engraving and printing, there are multi-color overprint books, prints and superb stencils and arches. In the field of movable type printing, following the invention of the muddy type invented by the Song Dynasty, there were also the creation and application of tin type, wood type, copper type, and lead type, which made the printing technology reach an unprecedented level. This stage is characterized by the further expansion, popularization and improvement of manual printing technology.
(3)The prosperity and replacement of the traditional printing industry. In the Qing Dynasty, engraving and printing, all kinds of movable type printing, stencil printing, skilled and widely used, for the first few dynasties, is the prosperous period of China's hand-printing industry. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the introduction and development of modern western printing, China's traditional hand-printing technology gradually declined, replacing it with advanced mechanized printing.
Since the Tang dynasty, for more than a thousand years, it is the traditional hand-printing period of our country. Because it is in ancient China, it is called the ancient history of printing history.
Third, the introduction and development of modern printing - part of modern history
The modern history of printing is somewhat different from the modern history of society. It began with the introduction of Western lead type printing in the early 19th century, and finally entered the printing industry around 1980. This period is characterized by the use of mechanical equipment for printing. According to the development situation, it can be divided into the following four stages:
(1)The introduction of modern western printing. The introduction of Western modern printing, led by lead type printing, followed by lithography, clay, paper-type lead, photo-engraving, engraving gravure, shadow version, and the corresponding mechanical equipment. For more than half a century, these technologies, equipment, and enterprises have basically been controlled by outsiders, becoming Western tools for cultural aggression against China, and showing the situation in which foreigners control China's modern printing industry.
(2)The rise of China's national printing industry in modern times. The establishment of the Shanghai Tongzhi Bureau in 1881, especially the establishment of the Shanghai Commercial Press in 1897, broke the situation in which foreigners controlled China's modern printing industry and entered a new historical period in which China's national printing industry re-emerged. This situation reached a considerable level in the 1930s when the Anti-Japanese War broke out. In addition to printing companies, the founding of the first printing academic group in China's history, the China Printing Society, and its outstanding achievements in printing education, printing research, printing and publishing have laid a solid foundation for the further development of China's printing industry. The basics.
(3)The printing business in the war years. From the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1937 to the end of the third civil war in 1949, the printing industry experienced 12 years of war, and it was the basic feature of the printing industry in the war environment.
(4)The popularity, improvement and prosperity of modern printing. During the period from 1949 to 1980, the printing and printing industry developed rapidly under a stable social condition, forming tens of thousands of enterprises, millions of employees, printing technology, equipment, materials, scientific research, Education, publishing and other large-scale development of the printing industry system. It is the development, popularization, improvement and prosperity of modern printing and printing.
Fourth, the rise of modern printing
Around 1980, electronic computers entered the printing industry, which led to a big and historic leap in printing technology. Advanced equipment and processes such as electronic color separation, electronic engraving, electronic typesetting and computer control of printing machinery were created. A new era in the history of printing development. This process is now evolving.
The history of Chinese printing has a long history, but its systematic research and writings have been a matter of nearly a hundred years. Moreover, previous writings have focused on the ancient history. Although the modern history has already begun to organize writing, it is still a blank. So far, the research on the historical staging of Chinese printing history has not yet been put on the agenda. In the past six months, in the compilation of "Modern History of Printing in China", I encountered the historical staging of "Chinese Printing History" for the first time, and we still have quite different opinions on the historical stage of printing history and the arrangement of books. This article is specially written to inspire others and ask for help in Fangjia. In order to deal with the history of printing history in the future, we will deal with the division of history and stage of Chinese printing history.