Analysis of the similarities and differences between digital photography and negative photography (1)
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I. Introduction
Photography is the technology that captures light, even color, through optical systems. Since the invention of the French Dirk LMDaguerre in 1839 with the phenomenon of halogen silver, the latent image has been chemically developed to restore the black and white image of the silver enamel. After nearly a hundred years of black and white film and floor recording, countless times of life and Record art images in the world. In the 1940s, although color photography was diversified, it finally made use of the multi-layered sensitization technology, and gradually made color image recording and communication. Especially in the 1950s, photography and film enriched entertainment and education. To make the vision more diverse. In the 1960s, apart from live broadcasts using electronic video, many of the exteriors still relied on film negatives for location shooting, and then the electronic video was played after the film was washed. Soon after the 1970 Osaka World Expo, there was a giant color TV camera that directly took the animation on the tape to form a portable color video signal that was later transmitted. When the moon was landed in 1969, the camera was left on the moon. Come back to the film. Nearly 1990, Kodak developed a color CCD receiver with a Nikon monocular camera to form an early digital camera system for journalists to take color photos and direct (free-flush) transmission images. Today there are hundreds of millions of digital cameras around the world. Not only can you shoot images, but you can also shoot movies, including toys, camera phones, tablet computers and very high-end cameras. In 1958, when the author officially took a 6×6 (120) camera, in 2006, part of the digital shooting was taken, in 2008, the negative film camera was abandoned, and by 2010, the most top-quality camera with the 60 million number of PhoseOne was used, and the effect was not lost to 4×. 5 吋 Large professional camera, under the complete change, the film photography will also end in 160 years! So write a comparison of this article, because many technological developments often still allow old technology to exist, digital photography has completely defeated negative film photography from film production, camera use to image storage, the four major film companies have to change the string to survive, but communication products Also squeezed into the field of photography tools.
Second, the negative advantages of film photography
Negative film photography is a remarkable top product for human beings in precision chemistry and precision coating technology. In terms of fate, even if the author just entered the printing industry, he had to use his own silver halide sensitized wet-film for nitrocellulose, and without any fine chemical system support, this wet plate can shoot 150 wire dots, about The output resolution of 1800 dpi, which is the resolution of chemical photoreceptors in the 1880s, has such high resolution. With many particle improvements, black and white negatives can easily reach extremely high resolutions of 10,000 dpi under Microdol development. This high resolution is still not up to such high levels today with the highest resolution CCD sensor. In addition, the use of multi-layer micro-coated color negative film, the coating thickness control, and the three-layer dye control silver halide sensitization control, extract the gelatin from the natural cowhide into the silver halide color layer and the photosensitive wavelength Degree control, in the end, must be chemically stable within two or three years after being shipped to the market, in order to have correct sensitivity and color balance, and under the control of the developer, form a chemical system with extremely complicated and unsustainable image reproduction. However, several of them include color film and color page system of Keda, Fujifilm, Konica and Agfa, but Fujifilm is the development of the Kodak development system, and then came to the fore. It is also a high-quality super-chemical research and control background to achieve a color negative film system of more than 4000dpi, or even 5000dpi high-resolution commercialization, and more than 10,000dpi color negative film in the research room, but only for some research fields, space and aviation Special for photography. High resolution, no power, and photographic imaging at any time is a great advantage for film photography.
Photography is a dominant medium that can be stored for quite a few decades. It can be visually inspected at any time without any instrument or electronic format. It is an important advantage of displaying media. The timeliness of the shutter during shooting, that is, in addition to the single-lens digital camera, the same as the negative camera, the method of taking the shutter from the lens optical system for shutter shooting and timely action, the LCD display screen image of the digital camera is delayed after processing 0.1~ The image before 0.3 seconds, when the shutter is pressed, the fast-changing image has been shifted away! The ability to take a more timely view of the camera without a negative film. Because of the excellent resolution, many professional photographers are still very obsessed with using a 120-size camera or a 4×5 吋 large camera to shoot positives.
Third, the advantages of digital photography
In 1993, I went to Chicago to visit the research center of RR Donnelley, the world's largest printing company. They have already used DTP system software to do the editing work of many famous global magazines, such as Time, Life and other circulations of millions and hundreds. The journals are printed, so they use two extremely important computing technologies to accomplish such large and highly demanding digital image processing. One is to make engravings for gravure printing, how to output and commercial thermoset lithography, the same printing. The effect of the printing is computer-based, because Donnelly has five or six printing centers in North America, and at the time it was changing from gravure printing magazine to lithographic printing, gravure printing has a large printing density and color gamut. Performance, must be limited to print density and color gamut performance, in order to make all North American printing companies print the same color magazine image, this is a simplistic fixed adjustment work, as long as a fixed compensatory color gamut reduction calculation mode It is possible to respond to all the copying work. Another more sophisticated image improvement project, using more than a dozen large Cray Cray supercomputers at a time, for image sharpness, contrast, tone, color reproduction and color gamut adjustment work, these expensive supercomputers and Donnelly The color researcher and the software production team put the contrast, color gamut and distribution of the image into the Lab color stereo to present and adjust the calculation. At that time, there was no large file size for capturing digital images. The amount of files above and below 1Mb was very common at the time of using the scanning color separation machine to obtain the file volume at 3, 40Mb. Ask them why they should spend a small amount of money on the small image file. What about the file? They answered that being a printing house is also very helpless! It is the color film that is first color positive film shooting, after flushing and then scanning, the image file is transmitted to the editorial department for trade-off and editing. Like the early US presidential inauguration ceremony, the newspaper reporter used Polaroid to immediately automate the image, then use the scanner in the backpack to scan the image file, using the wireless file transfer method, without having to rely on people or physical negatives to break through the crowds in the encirclement, you can be early Transfer the image file to the headquarters editor. But since the development of Nikon's digital cameras in the late 1980s, the entire Time and Life magazine editorial group loved such direct digital color imaging technology, not only can use a wide variety of Nikon lenses to make wide-angle to super telescope heads, especially old Bush In the first desert storm, in the yellow sand battlefield, the electronic image file captured by the digital camera can be read and transmitted wirelessly to the battlefield communication center, and then returned to the magazine headquarters. This is previously impossible. Think about it. However, the image file is only 1200×800 pixels. Only one-tenth of the file size today, and because of the lack of calculation hardware software, it is very reluctant to make a 10 cm x 6.5 cm photo at all, but to do a page A4 or A3. The full-page picture is far away, and the sharpness enhancement and color reproduction of this rear digital image is the task of the video studio of Donnelly Printing Company, so it takes a lot of money to use the rear large computer and software to sharpen it. Images with poor degree and color reproduction, and enhanced repairs have to be paid a high price. Therefore, the digital image files of digital photography are completed, acquired and used in time, and become the most important choice in the news reporting work that counts every second. As for the digital image file, you can use the digital method of calculation and finishing improvement. Compared with the previous film photography, if you use optical color separation, it must be repaired by a very skilled technician, which has great benefits.
For photographers, digital camera shooting does not use negatives, so today use 32Gb flash memory, 2Mb file shooting and recording memory, representing the image file that can store the previous four hundred film. And you can do a real-time view of the captured image on the screen immediately after shooting. This is the negative result that the negative photographer must accumulate for a long time, a lot of experience, and there is still the risk of post-transport and flushing changes. in. In fact, today's digital camera has a lot of patented technology for image processing, including many pre-set items, such as sensitivity enhancement and reduction. In the past, film photography was a professional instruction program, and it was only on the digital camera. Hand work, white balance, in response to different color temperature background conditions, some must choose color temperature to shoot, there is a function of automatic color temperature response, very convenient. Autofocus can be extended by the infrared camera of the negative camera. It can also be used to obtain the image file from the CCD of the photosensitive element for sharp analysis before deciding the focus. In the previous film, the camera did not have such image sharpness. The function of focusing. The use of Matrix Grid image capture; and most CCDs use the color image capture method of the checkerboard format, which is very unfavorable for the sharpness of the image. Moreover, if the color negative film has a width of 55mm (2.18 吋) wide with 120 negative film, If the color negative film has a resolution of 4000 dpi, the negative resolution of the negative camera is 8700 pixels high resolution, which is the standard that digital cameras have reached in recent years, but the Raw file of the digital camera is converted into Tiff file, today Far more detailed than the same number of pixels of the film camera, and a smoother version, no chemical sensitivity of silver and dye combination of granularity, which is the effect of digital image reception, processing and logic, humanized calculation program, this Is to support the powerful power of digital photography. As for many special features such as lace and multiplexed image setting and processing, it can only be said to be cool, and it is not practical. For the dissatisfied image deletion function, it is a good way to increase the capacity of the memory. This is a function that is not available in film photography. If the film is not finished, it will not come back and shoot again.
Real-time image file, real-time view, real-time file transfer is a great advantage of digital photography. Various sensitivity, white balance or automatic exposure compensation functions are also very good setting effects, like ISO6400, 12800 sensitivity makes dark night like It is easy to shoot without flashing during the day. Nowadays, the large-capacity 16G, 32G, 65Gb memory not only eliminates the film fee and flushing fee, but also can be reused. It is also not afraid that the X-ray illumination of the customs security inspection is light and easy to carry. Some people take tens of thousands of images every month. A digital camera can shoot an average of 160,000 images. If you use negative film to shoot, the film and the processing fee are close to one million yuan, so you can save money and save. Environmental protection. The anti-shake function of digital photography has also been developed upwards, reaching a very high-order defocusing problem that is not easy to generate vibration. An expert support system with scenes and modes to improve shooting such as skin tone, soft focus, and red-eye reduction to smile capture. In addition, digital photography is used to directly convert into digital image files. There is no distinction between positive (positive) and negative (negative) films. Because there is no need to carry two kinds of negatives, two cameras can simultaneously shoot and sometimes only one image is available. . Moreover, today's photo processing output, regardless of silver photographic paper, inkjet photographic paper, all using digital files for transmission, no longer use optical magnification projection output, more conducive to digital photography. The ability to shoot movies and record is also an added advantage of digital cameras.
Fourth, the defects of negative photography
Negative film photography, as its name implies, must consume a very high degree of chemical control and coating technology to produce a multi-layered color photographic film, so the cost is high. In a large number of shots, the space, weight and high temperature of the negative film after carrying hundreds of negative films are deteriorated, X The hazard of light security is not limited to before shooting, but also after shooting, otherwise it will fall short. Color film rinsing, effect stability control, regardless of washing loss and oxidation compensation, is an important quality project, without the control of washing syrup, temperature control, color balance reproduction, can not achieve high image quality Correct color image. Moreover, the negative film photography can not provide real-time image inspection, so in the case of poor performance, the real-time replenishment probability can be very low on the spot. The negative film photography can only be based on the image residual image under the viewing window, and it is only after flushing out. How is the result. This kind of expectation ability is not a lot of beginners or intermediate learners. The ability to prepare for it can be obtained with considerable time, experience and experience. This is something that users of digital cameras can learn quickly and integrate experience. This is a shortcoming that film photographers are not easy to achieve when they study in depth. There must be Huigen and experience to have a small number of people to accumulate highly prejudged skills.