The status quo and development trend of newspaper publishing and printing technology
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The printing industry is an important part of the national economy and one of the fastest growing industries in the past decade. Among them, the development of newspaper printing has achieved remarkable achievements in terms of technological reform, technical equipment renewal, and the scale operation of enterprises and the rapid growth of printing volume. However, compared with the international advanced level, China still has a considerable gap in the overall level of technical equipment and business development needs of the newspaper printing industry. It is necessary to continue to work hard and continue to develop into high-tech to meet the needs of the development of the situation.
The backward situation of the printing industry is a national issue. It is not only a problem of newspaper publishing and printing. The level of printing technology and equipment in China is at least 25 years behind the international advanced level, which is equivalent to the level of foreign countries around 1960. In order to solve this problem and find a way out, it was the "7481" that was launched in 1974. The national printing technology and equipment coordination group established under the leadership of the State Economic Commission in 1982 was a real step forward, promoting the development of the cause and gradually achieving remarkable results. The plan was formulated, the scientific research and production forces were organized, the funds were implemented, and the 16-word policy of “laser phototypesetting, electronic color separation, offset printing, and binding linkage” was put forward, which opened a new chapter in China's printing technology transformation.
It is in this case that the publication and printing of newspapers saw hope, found a way out, and added people to the ranks of tackling and comprehensively transforming. From 1982 to the first half of 1985, the success of the computer laser Chinese character recording, editing and tabloid versionsetting system test at Xinhua News Agency opened the door to modernization of newspaper printing technology. From 1985 to 1987, the experiment of the computer laser Chinese character big newspaper edition editing and typesetting system carried out by the Economic Daily newspaper solved one difficulty after another and achieved fruitful results, paving the way for the national newspaper publishing and printing technology transformation. From l988 to 1993, it took only more than five years. Nearly 1,800 newspapers from the central government to the provinces, municipalities and prefectures all eliminated lead operations. The whole industry realized computer typesetting and offset printing.
In this period of time, not only the computer recording and typesetting of the text was realized, but also the data scanning of the image was realized, and the remote data transmission of the newspaper layout by satellite and telephone was realized, and the network was realized. After that, the database was gradually established, the color separation processing of the color newspaper desktop system was solved, the computer was introduced into the editorial department, and the editing system of the interview was continuously developed. During the same period, many newspapers also implemented computer management for advertising, distribution, finance, and daily office work. By the end of 1998, the prepress part of newspaper publishing had basically reached the international advanced level.
Before 1988, all the newspapers used the printing of the rotary printing machine, and there were 600 large-scale printing and printing machines in the country. With the transformation of the prepress system, the offset printing machine was gradually changed, and by the end of 1993, the printing rotary machine was completely eliminated. With the continuous increase of printing volume, the number of offset rotary machines has increased year by year. By the end of 1998, the total number of offset rotary machines owned by the national newspaper industry (including being installed, not shipped and signed contracts) has reached 1100. With a printing unit, the total printing capacity has increased nearly three times over 10 years ago.
The technological transformation in the past 10 years has greatly supported and promoted the development of the news publishing industry. In 1988, there were only 922 kinds of newspapers in the country. The total number of newspapers in the whole year was 22.2 billion. The number of newspapers opened in 1998 reached 253, an increase of 122.670. The total printing volume reached 54 billion pairs, an increase of 143.24%. . Before 1992, the major newspapers in the country had 4 editions every day. After 1993, the expansion began. Most of them are now 8 editions. The newspapers of some large and medium-sized cities in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Beijing, Shenyang, Harbin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces have been expanded to 16 editions. , 24 version, even 48 version.
Before 1993, newspapers did not have a color report, and in 1994, they began to produce color newspapers. In 1996, there were only about 50 kinds of national color newspapers, and about 400 kinds at the end of 1998. All these developments, without the support of new technologies, are absolutely impossible to achieve. It should be said that the transformation of newspaper publishing and printing technology is a "16-word policy" that comprehensively and even ahead of the development of the printing industry.
In the first 10 years, the technical transformation of newspaper printing has achieved great results, but there are still many problems. The overall level of newspaper printing technology and equipment is unbalanced development, some systems are not matched, the degree of automation is not high, the equipment capacity is insufficient, the maintenance is not enough, and some are running with diseases, which cannot meet the needs of improving news aging and newspaper development. The main problems currently existing are:
The non-standard and non-uniformity of the newspaper publishing system brings repeated investment and operational troubles to businesses with mutual connectivity. The national newspaper publishing system is not the Peking University Founder System or the Weifang Huaguang System, but the two cannot communicate. The same system also has different versions, such as Founder 93, 95 up to the latest NT RIP card; Huaguang's V-type, VII-type, VI-type, etc., due to the different time of each new technology transformation, some systems have been updated, and some There are no updates, there are problems in the world.
Image Processing. Only a handful of newspapers handled it well, and most newspapers lacked scanners that were highly accurate, large-format, and capable of scanning reflexes and processing color transmissions. Most of them also use the traditional photo-engraving process, and the effect of transmitting images remotely is not good.
Color processing. All the color newspapers are generally equipped with a color desktop processing system, but the grades and levels are different, resulting in a situation in which the quality of the current color newspapers is not ideal. Of course, there are technical problems in operation management.
Remote transmission system. There are currently three types, one is the use of satellite transmission, but often fails; the other is transmitted over the telephone line, the transmission rate is low, the time is long; the other is the transmission of optical cable, and some of the city transmission has begun to use optical cable, This is a more reliable method, a development trend, but a larger investment.
The plate-making process adopts the method of film re-printing, and the color newspaper adopts artificial imposition. One is that the quality is not good, and the other is that the time is long, which is extremely disadvantageous for shortening the publishing time.
Insufficient printing ability. There are a lot of printing machines running with diseases, the printing quality is not good, and especially the equipment that can print the color newspapers. Some structures are not suitable, only two newspapers can be produced. Three or four sheets are to be printed, which need to be printed separately, which brings difficulties to the issuance. In the past two years, the function of printing printed paper newspapers has appeared in newspaper printing. To meet this requirement, not only the problem of printing presses but also higher requirements for image processing are put forward.
With the development of domestic journalism, the emergence of new technologies in the world, combined with the status quo of China's newspaper printing industry, the next period, generally in the period before 2010, the transformation of newspaper publishing and printing technology may be "opening up" The development of the pipeline, reform and improvement of the three links.
The so-called opening of a production line means that the publication and printing of newspapers is from the entry of texts to the receipt of newspapers, and the management of all-digital streams is established. At present, the text input, layout, image processing, color separation, full-page output and layout transmission of newspapers have been digitized, but efforts should be made to solve the problem of system inconsistency, gradually standardization, and international standards. The digital stream extends forward, which is to establish and improve the news editing system and realize the digitization of news feeds and images. There are already mature technologies in this area, and some good typical units have emerged, mainly promoting application and organization management issues. The backward extension of the digital stream is to gradually expand to the three links of plate making, printing and distribution. Combined with the current actual situation, the task of reforming these three links is quite arduous and can only be solved step by step.
Actively and steadily promoting direct plate-making technology (CTP) and reforming the plate-making process are an important part of shortening the publishing time and improving the quality of newspapers. The basic requirements for newspaper publishing are always moving in the direction of making news in the shortest possible time and printing better-quality newspapers. In all aspects of newspaper publishing, increasing the speed of each link, such as text entry, group editing, image scanning, plate making, printing, etc., is the main way to shorten the time, and cutting a link will be more effective. Direct plate making shortens the process and improves plate making efficiency.
According to the current plate making process, due to the different plate making equipment of each newspaper, it is generally 15 to 20 minutes for the first edition. If it is continuously operated, each edition will also be about 10 minutes (some have high-grade continuous drying equipment, also need to have Photographing and punching time, together with a minimum of seven or eight minutes). The key is the plate making time and quality of the color version. If there is no automatic imposition equipment, artificial imposition, it takes about 30 minutes to produce a color version, and the artificial imposition is affected by light and sight, which is not very accurate.
A black and white PS plate is produced by direct plate making process. The first one is about 3 minutes, and the first one is about 1 minute. The first color of the color version is about 5 minutes, and the continuous one is about 2 to 2.5 minutes. The most important is the registration of 4 different color plates, which are automatically controlled by the computer, without manual error, and the repeatability can reach ±0.005 mm. Therefore, the progress of the plate making process to CTP is an improvement, which is to advance the digital flow of the entire publishing process. At present, two newspapers in the country have introduced this technology, which confirms its feasibility and superiority.
Direct plate making is a new technology that has appeared in the past three or four years in the world and has developed rapidly in Europe. Its advantages are not only the fast plate making speed, good quality, but also the high printing durability of CTP special plates, generally up to 500,000 impressions. The CTP system is equipped with an environmentally friendly type of circulating water (4/5 water saving), which can recover the residual silver on the CTP plate of silver salt. The discharge water is not polluted, so the promotion is faster. The United States did not use much of the newspapers before 1998. This year, the speed has increased, and many major newspapers have begun to adopt CTP technology.
China has also attached great importance to the development of CTP technology. The development and development of CTP platesetters and special plates have been listed as high-tech projects, which have been implemented by the State Economic and Trade Commission and the State Planning Commission. The localization of these two projects is difficult and requires a certain amount of time, especially for CTP machines, which may adopt the introduction of technology or domestic assembly (OEM). In short, this matter has been put on the agenda.
Since CTP equipment and plates need to be imported in the past two years, foreign manufacturers and brands are more, the machine structure and the plates used are different, and the equipment investment is higher than the traditional plate-making equipment, the Chinese newspaper industry is more cautious. The development process must be preceded by a small number of units, running for a period of time, analyzing and summarizing the effects, and then it is possible to gradually promote. The first CTP will be the Evening News, the new printing house or the printing center, as well as the printing company with more newspapers in the night, especially the lottery, and may take the approach of walking on two legs, using CTP for urgency and color; The general work, time allowed will continue to use the traditional plate making process.
Regarding the equipment selection, no matter which brand is adopted, including the domestic direct plate making machine in the future, the newspaper printing industry has initially achieved the following consensus: 1 plate making speed, black and white version is not less than 1 minute, and color version is the longest. No more than 25 minutes; 2 resolution, not only can meet the requirements of news paper 1270dP i, but also can meet the requirements of coated paper printing not less than 2540dP i; 3 color printing over precision is no more than 0005mm; 5 machines and their parts, In particular, the durability of the light source is more fair and reasonable; 5 service guarantee.
Regarding CTP plates, there are currently photopolymerization plates, silver salt composite plates, silver salt diffusion plates and thermal plates. We tend to use aluminum salt diffusion plates. The photopolymerization version is more difficult to achieve localization, and the quality of the thermal version may be better, but the plate making time is long and it is not suitable for newspapers. The printing capacity of the edition requires no less than 500,000 impressions.
Enhancing and improving printing capabilities is the current urgent task. It is expected that the types of newspapers will not increase or even decrease in the future, but the expansion of newspapers is an inevitable trend. The amount of newspaper printing will increase year by year. It is expected that the total number of newspapers printed in 2010 will exceed 120 billion pairs, and the number of new printing presses will not be less than 100 printing units per year. The new printing press not only requires the ability to print color newspapers, but also has a flexible structure and can print double-sided colors. In some newspaper printing in large cities, it is necessary to increase commercial printing machines that can print coated paper.
The repair, modification and renewal of existing printing presses is an important task in tapping the potential of existing printing. The so-called transformation refers to adding a BB unit to the existing semi-satellite unit, or adding a Y-type unit to the Y-type unit to increase the ability to print the color report. In the existing offset printing machine with 1,100 printing units, at least 25% need to be updated by 2010.
Gradually solve the problem of automatic paper feeding and computer counting, packaging, and automatic reporting. For a long time, all the papers on the rotary machine have been pushed by people. In recent years, some automatic and semi-automatic paper-feeding lines have been gradually introduced. Most of them are made by themselves, which is lower than the price of imported products. It has indeed improved efficiency and reduced labor. The effect of intensity is expected to continue to develop. As for the automation of the report, it is also an important part of the newspaper as soon as possible to the readers. Now, Guangzhou Daily has established a reporting pipeline. In the past two years, the post office system has arranged for the printing of large-scale newspaper printing factories in some big cities to establish an automatic reporting system. It is expected that there will be a large number of manual reporting problems in 2010. Change.
Newspaper printing technology has undergone nearly 10 years of technological transformation, which has significantly supported and guaranteed the development of newspaper publishing. In the next 10 years, newspaper publishing will have further development, and printing technology transformation will enter a new stage.