Printability
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First, the definition of fitness
In order to meet the needs of printing and copying quality, the requirements for the processes and technologies of manuscript, copying, printing, processing and binding, as well as the various materials, equipment, environment and related conditions involved, in order to obtain the best quality Everything works.
Second, the relationship between printing and fitness
1. Letterpress printing:
The print is partially recessed and the border around the print is felt. Suitable for small forms, business cards, envelopes, letterheads, self-adhesive stickers or sets of numbers or simple illustration prints.
2. Lithography:
The print does not protrude or dent, and the print is delicate and beautiful. Suitable for multi-color printing of black and white and color books, color magazines, posters, advanced letter paper, paper boxes, calendars, newspapers, etc.
3. Gravure printing:
There are two kinds, (1) Engraved intaglio - the printed part has a convex feeling when touched by hand, and the ink is thick and strong. Suitable for printing of securities and banknotes. (2) Photogravure - its prints appear to have faint dot-like dots, and seem to be continuous. It is suitable for large-volume color magazines, plastic films, aluminum foil and other packaging and printing materials.
4. Stencil printing:
the print is burred and the ink layer is thick. Hard and soft printed objects suitable for flat and curved surfaces, including plastic surface, large posters outside the car, printed circuit boards, partial glazing, transfer paper, fabrics, etc.
5. Non-printing:
The electronic printing method uses dry toner and liquid ink. The former has a slightly convex print, while the latter is similar to a lithographic plate. Suitable for small batches, medium and low quality color or color prints.
Third, the suitability of the manuscript
1. The textual, ideal conditions should include:
(1) Write clearly, the content of the manuscript should not be modified.
(2) The editor completes the compilation, chapters, sections, items, and so on.
(3) Punctuation marks and paragraphs are complete and carefully organized.
(4) The typo and other words have been checked and corrected.
2. The draft conditions, ideal conditions should include:
(1) The lines are clear and the numbers are correct.
(2) The decimal point should be aligned correctly.
(3) The color of negative numbers or special texts and numbers should be clearly marked.
3. The ideal conditions for charcoal painting, Chinese painting, oil painting or watercolor painting should include:
(1) The level is clear and the harmony is harmonious.
(2) The color is normal and the texture is good.
(3) The theme is correct and the performance is natural.
(4) If the original painting is too large, it must be turned into a positive film or a photo, and its color should be as similar as possible.
4. Positive or photo draft, ideal conditions should include:
(1) The exposure is correct and the concentration is good.
(2) The image is sharp and beautiful.
(3) The contrast is appropriate and the level is rich.
(4) Good composition and good resolution.
Fourth, the adaptability of replication technology
1. Text copy:
Due to the different types of manuscripts, they are printed on coated paper, written on paper, and written on burrs or other papers, and their reflectivities are different. Special attention must be paid to revision exposure time when copying. Secondly, the visual results of the naked eye and the reproduction results of the plate-making camera are often slightly different. It often takes time and experience to do a good job.
2. Black and white scanned network:
Since the concentration field of the original often cannot match the scanner, special care must be taken when passing the net, especially the concentration and curve values (or gamma values) from bright to dark, or bright and dark toned photos. The skill of the operator is different and there will be considerable quality differences. Therefore, when adjusting, always pay attention to the difference in quality between the original and the copy, it is not difficult to obtain an ideal copy.
3. Scan color separation:
Color control and gray balance control, as well as control and adjustment of the light department and sub-light department, require some experience to be done. Sometimes it is difficult to do local color correction, and it takes a lot of work experience to be handy.
4. Manual imposition:
Before the imposition, we must first consider the binding method. Because the binding method is different, the number and order of imposition will be different, but the order of glue, hardcover and paperback is the same, but the reserved back distance is different. Before binding, you must decide the binding method to match the layout and layout. In the collage, you need a whole page of a single page. You can't cut it in the film to avoid streaking during printing. This situation is not easy to find during plate making. When it is printed on the machine, it is repaired with chemical liquid. Or grinding with a pumice pen is not only a waste of time, but also damages the layout, and it will damage the layout, and sometimes other problems will occur.
5. Computer group page:
Although this kind of equipment is the latest, in addition to a few large factories, there are still many printing factories that are not capable of purchasing such expensive equipment. Although it is fast in operation, it cannot be modified after outputting the film, otherwise the film must be re-released. Add a lot of cost. Therefore, it is only used in the domestic production of small version, instead of using it to make a large version. The large version still uses manual imposition. Since this operation relies on the computer device, the input, storage, editing, calculation, output, and auxiliary devices are different due to different system functions, but the basic principles are similar.
Fifth, the suitability of printing technology
Lithography is very different from other layouts. Other layouts are mostly direct printing, which is the physical printing method in which the printing plate is in direct contact with the paper or the printed body. The lithograph is a chemical printing method that uses the principle of mutual exclusion between water and ink. Therefore, the suitability of other technologies is quite different from other formats.
1. Stack of paper:
It should be noted that the vertical and horizontal flow of the paper should not be mixed and piled together. The whole pile must have a consistent flow of silk. Otherwise, the color of the printed product will change due to the expansion and contraction of the paper, and the product quality will not be consistent.
2. Ink balance:
Since the lithographic printing press must have a wetting system to supply the surface moisture. There are three types of systems: 1. Traditional water system. 2. Semi-alcohol system. 3. Continuous alcohol system.
In order to average the amount of water and ink distributed on the plate, an appropriate ratio adjustment is required to obtain the best print quality. When there is too much ink, it will cause plate contamination, too little will make the line print not incomplete or incomplete. Too much water will lighten the ink, which in turn will cause the ink on the plate to be stained with ink. The use of alcohol systems should pay attention to the composition and proportion of alcohol, which also has a great impact on quality. These are quite important tasks in lithographic operations, but as long as they are actually working for a while, it is easy to achieve the desired level.
3. Dusting:
There are two types of dusting devices:
(1) General purpose. (2)Electrostatic type. Regardless of the type used, the main function is still to apply a thin layer of powder to the dry ink to keep a little distance from the paper stacked on it, so as to avoid counter printing. However, both the quality of the powder and the amount of powder to be sprayed must be paid special attention. Poor quality or too much dusting will cause the ink to be poorly transferred to the next overprint or back printing, and the ink is not good enough. Too little dusting will cause the upper and lower papers to stick together and the prints to be reversed.
4. Indoor temperature, humidity and airflow:
These are also the main factors affecting the quality of printing. Although it is not directly related to the technology, if the temperature, humidity and airflow change above and on the side of the printing machine, the water content of the plate will be difficult to control. In the past, because the air-conditioning vent was at the upper left of the printing press, the airflow on one side of the printing plate was larger than the other side. Therefore, on the side of the large airflow, the water content of the printing plate was easier to dry, and the work of balancing the ink and water was difficult to achieve. Printing technicians are very troubled and cannot get good print quality.
Sixth, the suitability of post-press processing
1. Post processing:
After the printing is completed, the surface is processed: water-based PVA, This is an early method with good transparency, moisture resistance and water resistance, but solvent-resistant inks must be used and are now rarely used. At present, UV glazing and enamel PP, OPP plastic film, etc. are commonly used.
The film has small stretchability, good stiffness, no need to use high heat and high pressure, single-sided and double-sided enamel, and does not need to pay too much attention to the drying problem of the ink, so it is the most popular at this stage. It has a smooth surface and a matte surface, each with its own different feelings and effects. Generally speaking, advanced book covers, book clothes, and Chinese paintings are mostly made of matte. Bright books are used in books and magazines that highlight color effects and bright and lively. Thinner papers can cause curling as a disadvantage when humidity changes. Another hot stamping process should be carefully considered before or after glazing. After gilding, the glazing is protected, so that the gold foil is not easy to be worn off, but the gloss is poor. If the gilding is not easy to adhere after UV glazing, it must be considered in advance.
2. Binding:
Although there are many types of binding, there are hardcover, paperback, saddlery, threading, plastic, etc., various bindings have different characteristics, and in the binding process, we must pay attention to the requirements of processing machinery in advance, do everything well. Preparation, can start smoothly, otherwise there will be a lot of unnecessary post-order problems, such as: folding alignment, folding order, extension of binding time, unsatisfactory homework, and so on. In the case of hardcover, it is necessary to pay attention to the paper and the paste material, and whether it will fall off due to poor absorption of the material after the paste, and more attention should be paid to whether it is affected by weather changes and its quality and the dryness after the paste. The glued books should pay more attention to the quality of the hot melt glue, and the inner page and the cover should not fall off due to the coldness of the cold.
Seven, the suitability of the finished product
1. poster:
Mostly a single print. The requirements for the use of paper should be that it is not easy to stretch, and the ink used should not be easily faded. Because it is mostly hung in the lobby, it is easy to be exposed to the wind and the sun. It is best to protect it with a layer of PP or OPP film after printing, which will not only enhance the color brightness, but also make the surface difficult. Damaged, there are also opportunities to prevent UV radiation and reduce fading.
2. Catalogue:
Its main function is to express the characteristics and advantages of the product, so the aesthetic appearance is the most important condition. Such prints must use high-grade paper, beautiful color pictures, exquisite design, careful processing and binding, so that readers like to achieve the publicity effect at a glance.
3. magazine:
This is a reading for the public, sometimes there are certain objects, the paper used is mostly coated paper, the printing method is mostly lithographic, the binding method is more saddle stitching, and the thick book has the use of binding method. There are also time and quality requirements when making.
4. books:
It is divided into threaded paperback and hardcover books, and it is used for books and general novels. Hardcover is more focused on advanced books, dictionaries, etc. In order to adapt to its long-term preservation characteristics, it must be straighter in the direction of the long side of the trade.
5. Form:
Often multi-connected, currently using more non-carbon paper, can avoid the use of carbon paper as its main advantage, but non-carbon paper has paper, medium and paper, the upper paper for the upper layer, the middle paper for the middle layer, The lower paper is the lower layer. You must pay attention to the layer of paper when you use it. If the paper is used in the upper layer, there is no copy function.
Eight, material suitability
1. Plate selection:
There are many types of plates, depending on:
(1)The plates are divided into aluminum, zinc, stone, resin, nylon, cardboard and glass.
(2)The structure is divided into single layer, double layer and multiple layers.
(3)The plate making method is divided into manual, transfer, optical, and electronic.
(4)The shape is divided into a flat convex, a flat surface, and a flat concave.
(5)The grinding method is divided into ball milling, brush grinding, chemical grinding, electronic chemical grinding, and sand blasting.
(6)The layout is divided into chemical and anode.
(7)The film coating method is divided into self-coating, machine coating, and pre-coating.
(8)The coated surface of the film is divided into one side and two sides.
(9)The printing plate is divided into a positive type and a negative type.
(10)The film processing method is divided into a film type and a film type.
(11)The printing machine uses a proofing machine, a quick machine, a sheet machine, a rotary machine, and a transaction printing machine.
From the above, there are quite a few types. In fact, at present, many printing plates used in Taiwan's lithographic printing plants only have a pre-coated and positive-working type, which is referred to as the PS version. The quality printed with this type of plate is quite high, and the plate making process is simple, as long as it is automatically processed in a plate processor, it can be completed in a few minutes. There are still a few book-based home-printing houses that use zinc or aluminum plates to make a protein version for a small amount of printed media.
2. Paper selection:
There are three choices: type, quality and weight. In terms of types
(1)Printing paper: securities paper, printing paper, magazine paper, news paper, mold paper, coated paper, Bible paper, Daolin paper, etc.
(2)Writing paper: book paper, book paper, miscellaneous paper, type paper, card paper, drawing paper.
(3)Picture paper: watercolor paper, special paper, ordinary paper, charcoal paper, sea drawings.
(4)Packaging paper: kraft paper, sulphuric acid paper, match paper, rust-proof paper, cigarette paper, fruit paper, sulfuric acid paper, cellophane, wax paper.
(5)Filter paper: chemical analysis paper, insulating paper.
(6)Absorbing paper: blotting paper, carbon paper, napkin, toilet paper.
(7)Specially processed paper: back carbon base paper, photographic base paper, fiber paper.
(8)Cardboard: yellow cardboard, white cardboard, core cardboard, corrugated cardboard, ticket cardboard, built There are eight categories of cardboard.
Seeing that there are so many kinds of above, I really don't know how to make choices at a time. It is not difficult, because most of the most commonly used are the first type of Daolin paper, mold paper and coated paper. In terms of quality selection, Daolin paper has all-wood forest, ivory forest, white Daolin and color road forest paper. The mold paper has white mold, beige mold and color paper. Coated paper has mirror copper plate, super-light double copper, special double copper, double-sided copper plate, single-sided copper plate, snow copper plate and cloth coated paper. There are also choices such as printed paper, magazine paper, calendar paper and advanced seasoning paper. In fact, only a few of them are often contacted.
In addition, the weight of the paper, there are two commonly used weighting methods: one is the basis weight, is more common in the world, is the weight of one meter square paper, placed on the electronic balance, in grams, That is gsm, or "mipping amount".
One is the weight, the weight weighed by a 500-piece paper, that is, pounds/order. It is used in both domestic and above, but for the sake of convenience, it is easier to use the basis weight, so that the paper of the same thickness is different from the pounds of 25×35′′ in the 31×43′′ pounds, which is often easy to be confused.
Most papers have a basis weight of 60 to 100 GSM, coated papers range from 80 to 190 GSM, and papermaking has as low as 45.Gsm, as long as you know the purpose, purpose, function, and characteristics before use, it is not difficult to make the best choice. In addition, paper has a close relationship with humidity. First of all, we must know that the paper is a slurry consisting of 99% water, 0.5 to 1% cellulose, filler and gum, referred to as pulp, and then sent to the paper machine, long strip The funnel distributes the pulp onto the moving wire mesh to filter out most of the water, and then squeezes off the water from the hot press wheel and scalds it to make paper. After the above brief description, you can know that the paper has a "net surface and a non-mesh surface", the mesh surface is thicker, and the non-mesh surface is flat. At the same time, there will be a "silk flow", that is, the arrangement of the fibers in the direction of the strip, which directly affects the paper, and the phenomenon of bending after the damp is closely related to the binding of the book. If the filament of the paper runs along the long side, the edge of the book will be straight, otherwise it will be extremely flexible.
3. Ink selection:
The lithographic inks are mostly transparent four-primary inks. There are not many choices in color printing, and most of them are gold and silver. On the contrary, there are more choices in the case of color printing, and there are many options for special printing in special printing, such as: fluorescent ink, pearl ink, blackening, magnetic ink, ultraviolet ink, etc. There are also transparent and opaque ink points. Nowadays, many large printing houses use large-capacity four-color transparent inks, and use high-pressure pump automatic conveying tubes to send ink directly to the printing machine. The staff will not be too troublesome and do not need to adjust the ink. It's easy.
Nine, the suitability of the equipment
1. Prepress equipment:
At present, the pre-press is almost computerized, and there are many types of equipment used, and the place of production is different. There are Japan, Germany, Britain, Denmark, Israel and other countries. Of course, there are easy to operate and more complicated. Many of the simple tasks are automatically calculated by the computer, and the quality is not necessarily poor. More complex manual work, more quality changes, can achieve more complex requirements.
2. Printing Equipment:
At present, many automated printing plates, computerized inks, and register remote control devices have been used. As long as they work on the console, most of the work can be done, and the quality of the printed products is more beautiful.
3. Postpress and processing equipment:
Most of them are electronic and micro-computerized, and the adjustment work of the staff is also less and less. Many of them are automatically calculated by computer, so the effect is high and the quality is good for modern equipment.
Ten, Environmental adaptability
1. Lighting conditions:
(1) Lighting standard - 204.4 +/- 43.6 candlelight.
(2) Light source color temperature - 5,000 °K for originals, 7,500 °K for printing color.
(3) Color appearance index - 90~100.
(4) Illumination geometry—should minimize the reflected light from the surrounding walls.
(5) The transmission is marked as standard - 409 +/- 88 candles.
2. Wall color:
It should be based on the principle of bright gray, medium dark blue or green. It is not suitable to use warm colors such as red, orange and yellow. Because the latter is easy to make the staff feel irritated, it is also easy to feel aversion to work.
3. temperature control:
The temperature in the lithographic workplace must be controlled between 23 and 25 ° C, so that personnel can work and operate various machines and equipment in a comfortable and ideal environment, and also extend the life of the machine.
4. Humidity control:
The humidity in the lithographic workplace must be between 55 and 60% of RH. Excessive humidity in the air will lead to unstable product quality, easy failure of electronic devices, easy expansion and contraction of paper, deformation of processing and binding, sensitization of photosensitive materials and photographic lenses. And so on. These problems will affect the effect, increase production costs and so on.
5. Air quality:
The air quality in the working environment does not mean that air conditioning is installed. It means that in addition to the temperature and humidity of the air, it is more important to introduce fresh air into the room and moderately replace the fresh air in the room. Nowadays, many separate air-conditioners only use the air in the room to be cold and have no ventilation function. This will easily cause indoor air pollution, which will lead to staff discomfort, dizziness and infection of the upper respiratory tract.
6. Wastewater treatment:
Some chemicals are used in the lithographic workshop, so some waste water will be generated, which will have to be properly treated to avoid environmental problems.
7. Noise control:
The noise that a person can tolerate is about 80 decibels. In the printing workplace, the places where noise is easy to generate are mostly printing rooms. Therefore, the personnel working in this environment must pay attention to the maximum amount of noise. Below 75 decibels is preferred. In some print yards, when using commercial rotary presses, separate compartments are used and sound-absorbing panels are placed on the ceiling to absorb most of the noise and meet environmental requirements.
8. Storage environment:
In addition to the temperature and humidity, the storage of materials should also pay attention to the handling conditions, improper handling, and unsuitable items, even if there is a good storage environment, it will be damaged. Therefore, the most important principle should be the validity period, especially various chemicals.
Eleven, printing and paper related
1. Poster:
100 to 180 pounds of single or double coated paper, in eight (B4), four open, split, chrysanthemum or full open form.
2. Flyer:
60 pounds to 150 pounds of single or double coated paper, in the form of 32 open (B6), 16 open (B5), chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), eight open (B4) or chrysanthemum open (A4).
3. Instructions:
100 pounds to 180 pounds of double-coated coated paper, into the chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), 32 open (B6) chrysanthemum eight open (A4), 16 open (B5), single, double, three to six fold small Book form.
4. Catalogue:
100-pound to 300-pound double-copper or other paper, in the form of a daisy (A4), 16 (B5) single, or folded.
5. Books:
60 pounds to 150 pounds of double-copper, molded, or Daolin paper, 32 open (B6), 16 open (B5), chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), eight open (B4) or chrysanthemum open (A4 )form.
6. Magazine:
60-pound to 150-pound double-copper, Dowling, or stenciled paper, 32 open (B6), 16 open (B5), chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), eight open (B4) or chrysanthemum (open) A4) Form.
7. Calendar:
60 lbs to 200 lbs of double-coated coated paper, from 64 to off.
8. Packing:
60 pounds to 200 pounds of cowhide, molded, double-coated coated paper, depending on the package content.
9. Others:
Newspapers are white newspapers, self-adhesive stickers have double-light copper plate, mold paper, PVC, OPP and other materials.
Twelve, the connection between printing and life
1. Cheque:
engraving gravure (male head), sheet lithography (shading), letterpress (flow number, magnetic number).
2. Calendar:
Zhang page lithography.
3. Towel:
Screen printing.
4. Fruit:
inkjet printing.
5. Toothpaste:
Rubber letterpress printing.
6. Toothbrush handle:
hot stamping gold foil.
7. Fabric:
Screen printing.
8. Ticket:
Sheet lithograph for shading, border printing, letterpress as the serial number.
9. Stock:
Sheet lithograph for border, shading printing, letterpress for dark printing, computer laser printer for shareholders name, barcode and other printing.
10. Credit card, cash card:
lithographic card printing or stencil printing, as well as embossed printing.
11. Cigarette:
Letterpress printing.
12. Cigarette box:
sheet lithography, rotogravure printing.
13. Paper cup:
rubber letterpress printing.
14. Carton:
Most of the color is rubber letterpress printing, and the color temple is mostly lithographic printing.
15. Newspaper:
Rotary lithography.
16. Notebook:
Sheet or rotary lithography.
17. Marriage card:
hot stamping, silver or printing in letterpress, lithography, screen printing, etc.
18. Stickers:
letterpress or screen.
19. Banknotes:
engraved gravure borders, sheet lithographic shading, letterpress printing serial numbers.
20. Plastic bag, aluminum foil bag:
rotogravure.
21. Christmas card:
sheet lithography.
22. Computer report paper:
transaction lithography or transaction resin letterpress printing.
23. Board:
Screen printing.
24. Hardcover book cover:
hot stamping, copperplate printing, lithographic color printing, and later glazing processing.
25. Nameplate:
Photographic dyeing, corrosion lacquering.
26. Wallpaper:
printing methods such as rubber letterpress, screen, lithography or rotogravure.
27. Surface:
Pad printing.
28. Napkin:
Rubber letterpress printing.
29. Magazines:
Sheets are lithographically printed in small circulations, and rotated or embossed in large format.