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The 21st century is the beginning of an era of knowledge based on open communication and rapid access to information. Individuals and organizations need to use a more efficient method to view, transmit, co-create and mass produce documents.
introduction
The global BtoB and BtoC business environment has changed the print communications industry, which requires e-commerce-based cross-media and on-demand printing services to meet user needs. The future of the publishing industry will be characterized by a well-structured network with a holistic/flexible production process and a diverse range of output options.
The 21st century will realize the globalization of the economic and business environment (Titone, 1996), the print communication industry will become a global printing territory, and each printing and communication company will be a node in a complete and efficient global printing network. Among the services provided by print communication, the share of on-demand production, interconnection networks or wireless network transmission will increase significantly.
The challenges facing the print communications industry and diverse media
The development of emerging electronic media such as CD-ROM, multimedia and interactive online information services has become a major challenge in the print communications industry. The publication of CD-ROM distributes a large amount of information on inexpensive, easy-to-handle and durable optical discs; multimedia systems can simultaneously process multiple types of information including text, images, animation, video and audio, because multimedia It enhances the delivery and preservation of information, so it is ideal for education, presentation, business, and entertainment (Gussin, 1996); online information services can interactively provide current information. No matter how fast the information market is, these emerging media share this broad market share. Because media users need more effective prints, they can choose the right publications they need when there are many prints to choose from.
For open communication, fast access to information, and collaborative activities, information must exist in both electronic and paper forms. Electronic information is included in word processing and desktop publishing documents, commercial spreadsheets and images. CD-ROMs, DVDs, e-mails, and web pages are the usual way to spread electronic information, but such information is often printed by end users into desktop printers. Paper information contains things that appear on paper or on any hard material. And this information is considered to be difficult to collect, organize, store and access.
It is very difficult to manage the information on the electronic and paper together. In order to improve the effectiveness of information processing, the best way is to convert all available information into digital form, process all information in a common file format, and select the appropriate file output format based on user needs. The integration of PDF, XML, broadband, image acquisition software, conversion software, display software, plug-ins, and cross-media output systems addresses the diversity of the media.
New technology integration for on-demand printing
The print communications industry has been using current advanced technologies to improve production quality and efficiency. In fact, the entire printing production uses digital data before, during and after printing to form a comprehensive production process. Currently, the print communications industry is not moving towards digitization - it has entered digitalization. In order to meet the challenges of electronic media, the print communications industry should consider expanding its field into new media and adopting most of the new technologies that are currently emerging. New technologies that can improve the production quality and productivity of the print communication industry can be divided into five main different areas:
Electronic image technology
An electronic image is a digital image that can be viewed, modified, and managed by a calculator. The final print can also be obtained by direct plate and direct printing techniques. The processing flow of the electronic image is as follows: First, the image is acquired, which can be accomplished by using an image captured by a digital camera or by converting the image into a digital form by a scanner; the second step is image processing, and image processing is the entire process. The most important step, because it includes image cropping, magnification, color correction, and special effects processing; the final step is image recording, which uses the appropriate method to store images for final use of the press to output proofs or use calculations Direct plate making technology to prepare prints.
The development of image technology is changing with each passing day. A series of new technologies such as image fractal technology have been developed to improve image quality. Due to the development of data storage technology and the update of scanning devices, the image resolution is also getting higher and higher.
Improvements in internal structure and chip design have made digital cameras more and more efficient. The basic technology of digital cameras, Charge Coupled Devices (CCD), has been designed into a new format, from a square format to a model-oriented rectangular format that allows it to capture a complete horizontal image or vertical image. The new IEEE cable provides a maximum distance of 100 feet between the photographer and the calculator, and it has 10 times faster information transfer speed than the old system. The software for digital camera systems has also been greatly improved. The newly designed digital camera features high resolution, high speed and high sensitivity/bit rate. It can even perform most of the demanding industrial applications. Scientific use needs.
The basic technology of the scanner is the sensor and the associated optical system. At present, CCD sensor technology has made great progress in color tone, resolution and cooling performance, which makes the scanning quality of CCD flatbed scanner and the scanning effect of drum scanner based on high-end photoelectric synergistic electron tube (PMT). quite. The emerging XY scanning technology, which fixes the sensor system during the scanning process, moves the scanning bed along the X and Y axes of the scanner, and all the scanning points thus obtained are intact points. This technique helps the CCD. Flatbed scanners get the highest quality images. All of these improvements on CCD flatbed scanners give this type of scanner a resolution of up to 10,000 dpi.
The latest trends in image processing equipment are integration or multi-purpose/multi-functionality. The latest digital printers combine powerful scanning features such as scanning to e-mail, converting files for network use, or delivering images to web-based file applications. Using the function from scan to e-mail, users can send images as attachments to multiple email addresses; using the function from scan to calculator, users can enhance images through the application on the desktop system. Processing such as labeling, editing, and collection.
Data storage and retrieval technology
As more and more data needs to be efficiently stored and retrieved, many techniques have been developed to meet this requirement (Lively, 1996; Stallings, 1991; Stern, 1996). These storage technologies can be divided into magnetic storage and optical storage. Magnetic storage and retrieval systems include floppy disks, hard disks and tapes; optical storage and retrieval systems include CDs, video disks, CD-ROMs, WORMdisks, and rewritable storage disks (EOS).
Disk); recordable CD (CD-R); interactive CD (CD-I) and digital versatile disc (DVD).
The calculator keeps the data on disk and tape by selectively oxidizing the oxide particles on the magnetic storage medium. These particles remain in their magnetic field until this aspect is changed, which makes the disk and tape quite durable. It is also a storage medium that can be changed. Users can deliberately change or delete files stored on magnetic media, and these files may also change inadvertently. Magnetic media can be disturbed in the magnetic field and gradually lose their magnetism, which in the end will result in the loss of data. Some experts believe that the safe life of data stored on magnetic media is about three years, so experts recommend that users re-copy every two years to update the data. Regardless of whether this estimated storage life is correct, we should be aware that data stored on magnetic media can cause device and media failures, which can invalidate data.
Data stored on optical media can only be read with a laser beam. Therefore, most optical memories are read only memory (ROM), however, there are some types of optical storage media that allow users to read, write, erase, and modify files. Read/write optical drives and permanent magnet optical drives combine magnetic and optical technologies to allow users to read, write, erase, and modify files as they would on a hard drive. However, this combined drive has more Large storage capacity and longer storage life.
The growing reliance on electronic data makes data storage management systems critical to keeping a transaction running smoothly, and the rapid development of this system has made it difficult to anticipate and construct data storage management in a scalable way. system. Print communication companies typically start with a small storage infrastructure such as a stand-alone RAID system, tape backup, and a small permanent magnet optical jukebox (if storage is included). As demand grows, additional RAID systems, large jukeboxes, and tape libraries are in full use.
At present, even if the cost per megabyte has dropped to a new low, the seller of RAID systems continues to improve the speed and performance of the system. The seller of the CD jukebox upgrades all CD jukeboxes to DVD jukeboxes, which have the ability to automatically flip the disk. By 2001, permanent magnet optical jukeboxes had grown to accommodate 9.1 GB of data per disk. Recent developments in the library include: Network-associated memory (NAS), more advanced library controllers, and most importantly, new tape formats. Two new tape formats, Super Digital Straight Tape (SDLT) and Ultrium, have been used in a wide range of applications, both using the same single-axis and half-inch tape format, while they are steadily occupying a favorable digital Straight tape market.
The complete enterprise data storage management system consists of seven elements:
Real File Systems - These are shared file systems that can be accessed by any application server, including backup servers, database servers, and web servers. The real file system is an important long-lived, scalable storage infrastructure that also guarantees storage paths for the users and applications used. The real file system can be found in the storage area network operating system and network operating system software.
Third-Party Copy--It is well known that third-party copies are serverless backups that have features that allow files to be transferred from one storage to another in accordance with the instructions of a third-party calculator rather than through direct file transfers. This is an important feature for file management, which allows files to be moved from one type of memory to another based on the level of instructions. Third-party copies are usually found in serverless backup software.
Global Memory Management - In an enterprise, in order to monitor and control all memory, users need a piece of software to access and develop all of the online storage. This software also allows the user to control a large amount of memory at the hardware level.
Memory Resource Management--The real file system allows users to merge and partition the memory into actual volumes. From a physical point of view, the memory resource management system does the same job. This system can be used in jukebox and tape library management software. Seen in Storage Area Network Management Software, it enables users to create disk caches for tape and optical libraries, merging and splitting memory into physical volumes. Some hardware vendors have combined storage resource management systems into their own storage area network (SAN) products.
Open File Format Support - An enterprise needs to change as it grows, and storage management software must be able to change as the enterprise changes. As long as the file format applied to the memory management system structure is open, the user can add hardware or software as needed. In the case of ensuring that software supports open standards, users are not locked into a single technology, while modern technology and genetic technology can work in parallel. Currently recognized standard disk and file formats include NT File System (NTFS), Common File Format (UDF), and Unix File System (UFS). Support for standard file systems is especially important in removable media such as tape and permanent magnet optical disks.
Save--This function actually moves files back and forth between the user and the memory, between the high-speed and low-speed memories, and between the online and near-line memories. File saving is an arguable feature point in most memory management systems, and it is the first feature that most technology managers are looking for. However, if the user simply ignores the performance of the software and ignores other performances, he runs the risk of building a storage infrastructure that cannot be upgraded or adapted to changing needs. Because saving is a very important point for most people, most memory management systems support a certain kind of rule-based file migration, such as a hierarchical memory management system (HSM) that provides simple time-based file migration. Features. Many save systems support a more granular migration configuration based on frequency of use.
Backup and Recovery - Enterprises need more or less a backup solution. When the save software manages online and near-line files, the backup software needs to be followed. Offline file information. This software is also used to keep the offsite memory in the disk security area to store the root directory and file allocation table.
Trends in hardware technology, such as storage area networks and network-attached storage, make unified enterprise storage management strategies critical for all organizations that rely on electronic file storage. No traditional memory management software vendor, such as jukebox management software companies or backup software vendors, will think about all the challenges, and companies that often offer small general-purpose memory options prefer mobile Media library, this situation allows individual companies to rely on their own strength or with the help of their system integrators to bring together solutions, while vendors of memory management software will gain access to technology, software development and business partners. Wait to lead this direction.
Storage area networks (SANs) are an increasingly popular tool for memory management. SANs put all storage devices in an enterprise, whether in a local area network or in a remote office, under a single management umbrella in a separate network. This allows databases and other applications to be used without other users. Access to data in the case of bandwidth. At the same time, by placing all of the storage in the same place, system administrators can manage them from a single console without having to log in to multiple independent storage servers. At this point, scaling is as simple as plugging a storage device into a network port. These advantages have led many memory vendors to add the features of the SAN to their software.
Due to the growing demand for storage and the development of fiber channel technology, the architecture of memory is also moving toward network-based storage (NAS). The architecture of traditional memory subsystems essentially creates the backbone of information storage. Storage resources such as disk arrays and tape libraries are directly attached to the server, and these servers own and do not easily share large amounts of data between platforms. Fiber NAS maintains many important features of high quality storage systems (reliability, availability, performance and ease of management). Because the fiber NAS allows for independent storage, the memory is no longer a slave to the owner's stand-alone. Fiber NAS makes planning and monitoring control memory simple, and it also improves data sharing acceptance and scalability. . Both the processor and the storage subsystem (disk and tape) can be attached to the network with little or no interference. Each server has access to multiple memory subsystems, and each memory subsystem has access to memory located in multiple servers.
network technology
The Internet is the infrastructure of the knowledge age. Network cables provide a physical connection between workstations. The network hardware directs the data stream through the network cable. The network software packs and assigns the information and then unpacks it at the target workstation. The network passes information between calculators, which is the main channel for information exchange. In theory, information can be exchanged between any calculator in the world through a complete network and global standards. Currently, the main bottleneck is the limitation of network bandwidth. But new technologies, such as T-carriers, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, and ATM, have grown rapidly. The development of the World Wide Web shows the power of the Internet.
Based on the scope of services, the network can be divided into three types: local area network (LANS), metropolitan area network (MANS), and wide area network (WANS). LANS, MANS, and WANS are widely used in the print communications industry to provide on-demand services to consumers.
The LAN is connected to an office, a building or several calculators and switching devices in the adjacent building. They span a few feet to a few inches. LANs are usually composed primarily of servers, desktop calculators, and printers that work. A desktop calculator that is connected to a network is called a workstation or client. The calculator that manages the network and provides network shared resources is called a server. The server serves each workstation connected to it. When workstations enter the server, they can use the software that resides on the server to process the data in the file and the database on the server. Often, servers have better primary memory and storage capabilities and higher processing speeds than other calculators on the network. Some networks have multiple servers, either to provide backups or to quickly classify databases for faster access to information.
Compared with local area networks, metropolitan area networks spread data and information longer and faster. The metropolitan area network can also carry more different forms of information, including a combination of images, sounds, data, and video. The LAN controls high speed and citywide spread. Optical cables are commonly used as transmission media.
WAN links are spread across sites across states, countries, and continents. In WAM communication, information travels a long distance, and the distance is so long that it cannot be connected from one location to another using only one cable. Therefore, remote processing is frequently used for wide area networks. Channels used to link different site-to-center calculators are typically not owned by users, but are leased from telephone or telecommunications companies. Three different telecommunication channels are used by users who create WANs. They are public open networks provided by ordinary communication companies, private networks leased from ordinary communication companies, and by VAN(value-added networks) VAN provided by the supplier.
Recently, wireless methods have been widely used in networks. The four popular types of wireless media are microwave, satellite, infrared and radio channels. These media are either used alone or in conjunction with each other at the physical layer, depending on the needs of the user.
wireless technology
The wireless Internet path presents many advantages that are beneficial to Internet users. First, it enables low-cost, high-margin access to remote or unserved areas. Second, it provides a different competitive option than cable broadband services, such as cable modems. Third, it provides added value for mobile, so Internet access devices can be portable and can be used by users on the go. In general, wireless technology can be mobilized faster and more economically than wired systems. (Geier, 1999; McCall, 2001). Therefore, the entry of Internet services will be accelerated by the continuous use of wireless technology (Solomon, 1998). The most compelling benefit of wireless Internet for users is mobility. Most cable services require a PC or laptop calculator for Internet access. Some of these devices are not easily moved to different places that the user assumes. In contrast, wireless services are more attractive because they bring mobile benefits to users who need to enter email and “on-the-go” information, either business or lifestyle.
There are three basic forms of wireless Internet: fixed, portable, and mobile. Fixed wireless is mostly used to provide Internet services to buildings that do not have expensive fiber or coaxial cables. Wireless system applications can also reduce the time required to install street cables. Portable wireless is mostly suitable for laptop computers and those that are incomplete or inconvenient to move, most importantly due to size and weight issues. Mobile devices include wireless communication phones and handheld pilots that enforce a set of rules. The third generation of wireless will upgrade mobile services (Schwartz, 2001). Qualcomm and Verizon have made major contributions to the advancement of mobile devices and wireless Internet applications. Qualcomm's wireless Internet began in 1988 with CDMA (co-division multiple Access) development. CDMA uses standard transport and radio signals suitable for voice communication to transmit data at 300kps. The next development in 1998 was called the 1X high data rate. The 1X system utilizes the same voice communication signal to allow transmission speeds of up to 2.4 mbps. This high data transfer rate makes wireless Internet use wireless communication telephony technology feasible.
Verizon Wireless (formally known as Bell Atlantic Mobile), CDPD (cellular digital) that transmits data over wireless communication networks The development of the specification of data) has played an instrumental role. In April 1994, BellAtlanticMobile began building large CDs of state-of-the-art business in Pittsburgh and Washington/Baltimore. PD network. The company now offers one of the broadest wireless data networks in the United States. In 1996, it installed a state-of-the-art 13Kb CDMA digital network infrastructure. Currently, digital services are available at all Bells
The Atlantic Mobile market is viable.
A wireless Internet system includes:
A signal transmission
Digital signals are ideal for transmission within the calculator, rather than passing data over a wireless medium. The wireless network interface requires double the data signal from the end user to the wireless medium (i.e.air) in order to efficiently transmit data between the sender and the receiver. This process involves adjusting and expanding the digital signal to a form acceptable to the site of transmission.
Wireless network interfaces typically take the form of a wireless network interface card (NIC) or an external modem that makes AM and exchange protocols easier. These components are connected to the user equipment via the calculator bus, and the bus can be ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) or PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card) International Association). The ISA bus is standard on most PCs. Many portable computers have a PCMCIA slot that accepts credit card sized NICs. The interface between the user equipment and the NIC also includes a software driver that links the client device or NIC to the card. There are some common driver standards, such as NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification), which is used in the Microsoft network operating system; ODI (Open Datalink Interface), it is used in the Novell network operating system; PDS (Packet Driver Specification), a general DOS-based driver developed by FTP software, which includes complementary applications based on TCP/IP.
B antenna
The antenna radiates the modulated signal into the air to enable the target device to accept it. Antennas come in many shapes and sizes and have some electrical characteristics such as propagation mode, growth, propagation power, and bandwidth.
The way the antenna propagates defines its range. Directional antennas have more growth because they concentrate power in one direction. Antennas in all directions are best for indoor wireless networks because of the relatively short range requirements and less sensitivity to outside interference.
The combination of antenna growth and propagation forces defines the signal propagation distance. Long-distance propagation requires high levels of force and direct radiation, while short-range propagation provides signals at low levels of intensity and growth. For wireless networks, the power of propagation is relatively low, usually only 1 watt or less.
Bandwidth is an effective part of the frequency range in which a signal propagates. The data rate and bandwidth are proportional: the higher the data rate, the more bandwidth is needed. Currently, the FCC is considering limiting the bandwidth constraints for wireless network providers (Schwartz, 2001, March).
C terminal user equipment
Because in any system, a wireless Internet system requires an end user device to connect users and networks. The following are end-user device classifications that are most effective for wireless network devices: desktop workstations, laptops, computers, handheld PCs, pen computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), handheld scanners and data. Concentrator, handheld printer and email.
Currently, handheld PC is the main hardware platform of Windows CE, Windows. CE is the best handheld wireless device. Emailpager also allows full dual-use email. By email Pager, the user can quickly, efficiently receive, initialize and answer information at hand without the need for a phone or computer to close the loop.
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread) for wireless Internet products produced by several manufacturers around the world Spectrum) technology reaches 900MHz, 2.4G or even higher. Any accreditation requirements for the use of the link are available under applicable law. The effective application of advanced technology guarantees a reliable and healthy wireless connection, overcomes the negative effects of interference and multiple signals, and allows coexistence with other wireless networks in the same geographical area.