In-depth analysis of the difficulties faced by China's paper industry
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Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China and an important achievement in the history of human civilization. Today, the consumption level of paper and cardboard has become one of the important indicators to measure the level of modernization and civilization of a country. In recent years, China's paper and paperboard production has grown rapidly. In 2005, the output of paper and paperboard was 56 million tons, and the consumption was 59.3 million tons, ranking second in the world. However, China's paper industry, while making paper and contributing to the inheritance of civilization, also poses a serious challenge to ecology and the environment. At present, in addition to Tibet, there are papermaking enterprises in other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, with a total of tens of thousands, most of which are small and medium-sized papermaking enterprises. Due to unreasonable raw material structure, low level of technology, and inadequate sewage treatment equipment, many papermaking enterprises are both local taxpayers and large polluters. Therefore, many papermaking enterprises have become the target of environmental degradation and have to face public opinion and government. Under great pressure, in this case, the traditional paper industry has already reached the point where it must be changed, otherwise it will carry heavy environmental burdens in the company's own development process.
Paper industry faces environmental dilemma
At present, the per capita annual consumption of paper and paperboard in China is 45 kilograms, which is lower than the per capita consumption level of the world. It is far from the per capita consumption of 250 kilograms in developed countries in Europe and America. It is predicted that the consumption of paper and paperboard in China will exceed 60 million tons in 2006 and 70 million tons in 2010. Huge market consumption has worried many people of insight. Professor Li Zhongzheng, a professor at the School of Chemical Engineering at Nanjing Forestry University and a member of the International Academy of Wood Sciences, is one of them. “There is a black paper in the manufacture of white paper! We have paid a high ecological cost to the huge production capacity of the paper industry, causing serious environmental pollution and waste of resources. If papermaking enterprises do not embark on a new sustainable development path, Rather, it blossoms extensively and will further break through the environmental capacity and cause huge ecological disasters,” said the famous forestry and environmental protection expert.
Excessive pollution, dragging the environmental protection "hind legs"
As is known to all, the pollution caused by the traditional paper industry during the production process is very serious. In particular, in the pulping sector, more than half of the raw materials and chemicals imported into pollutants are discharged into the air and water, causing serious pollution to the atmosphere and water resources. Therefore, major incidents are also emerging, and the public has long been involved in the paper industry. Pollution complaints are on the road.
In February and March of this year, there were large-scale fish deaths in Baiyangdian, known as the “Pearl of North China” in Renqiu City and Anxin County of Hebei Province. This incident has attracted the attention of the State Environmental Protection Administration and the local government. After investigation, the source of pollution directly refers to the papermaking enterprises on the banks of the Weihe River upstream of Baiyangdian. Due to the rapid development of the local paper industry, the discharge of sewage has increased significantly, and some enterprises have a weak awareness of environmental protection. The situation of illegal discharge of sewage is quite serious. In the 28 paper-making enterprises under the jurisdiction of the new urban area of Baoding City, 27 outflows of sewage can not achieve stable standards. Nearly 100,000 tons of sewage is discharged into the river channel only after simple treatment, which leads to the occurrence of the dead fish in Baiyangdian.
Coincidentally, on the evening of April 10, Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, was hit by a strong storm. The 10.5 million tons of papermaking and urban domestic sewage in the Urad Front Banner sewage storage tank directly impacted the Yellow River flood control embankment. The local government ordered the excavation to protect the Yellow River embankment, and the industrial sewage that seriously exceeded the pollution index caused the inundation of 1,000 mu of cultivated land nearby, and 57 villagers were directly affected. After investigation, the two enterprises of Urad Front Banner, Seidian Huazhang Paper Co., and Murray Beichen Paper Group, have exceeded the standard for long-term discharge, and have not exceeded the national standards for sewage discharge and the design of wastewater storage tanks and environmental assessment requirements. The wastewater directly discharged into the temporary storage pool causes the water quality of the temporary storage tank to exceed the standard.
After these two incidents, all kinds of media have increased their efforts in the paper industry, and they have a strong tendency to call the paper industry "wolf is coming". Some media even pointed out that "the problem of pollution of paper-making enterprises exposed at present is only the tip of the iceberg. Under the cover of various interests, there are more heavy-duty paper-making enterprises that are illegally producing and discharging. In the long run, the paper industry will be in the environment. Dismissed our future."
This is not sensational. According to the statistics of the State Environmental Protection Administration, the total industrial wastewater discharge in 41 industries in 2004 was 22.11 billion tons, of which papermaking wastewater discharge accounted for 14.4% of the total, second only to the chemical industry, ranking second; According to COD (chemical oxygen demand of major pollutants in water), the total COD emissions of the paper industry reached 1.682 million tons, accounting for 33% of the national industrial emissions, ranking first.
During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, China has two environmental protection control indicators not completed, and COD is one of them. According to preliminary statistics, the total amount of COD emissions in the country in 2005 was 14.13 million tons, which was 1.13 million tons different from the total control target of 13 million tons proposed by the 10th Five-Year Plan. It was only 2% less than that in 2000, and the reduction was not completed. % of the control target. Experts from the Academy of Environmental Sciences said that “the industrial structure adjustment during the '10th Five-Year Plan period” did not meet the expected target is the primary reason for the ineffective control of total COD. The paper industry is a key industry for COD emissions, and straw pulp paper is the main reason for polluting water environment. And the output of paper products in 2005 almost doubled from 2000, and the pollution control facilities were not fully and timely, resulting in the total amount of pollutants in the paper industry, which accounted for more than half of the total industrial COD emissions in the country, was not effectively controlled. It can be seen that the pollution of the paper industry has become an important source of water pollution in China, and it has become an industry that is “under the leg” in environmental pollution control in China.
High consumption and inefficiency, exacerbating ecological deterioration
At the same time as causing huge pollution, the waste of resources caused by the paper industry is also very serious. The paper industry itself is a resource-consuming industry, and the paper industry's massive consumption of forest resources and water resources is also worrying.
Although the current situation shows that the proportion of wood pulp consumption in China's paper industry is not very large, but because China's pulp demand base is large, and the consumption of wood pulp is also increasing greatly year by year, the paper industry is The demand for forest resources on raw materials cannot be ignored. At present, the paper industry is the forest industry with the largest wood consumption. Taking 2005 as an example, China's paper imported wood pulp was 7.59 million tons, accounting for 66.35% of wood pulp consumption (11.44 million tons), accounting for 14.6% of total pulp consumption (52 million tons), while domestic wood pulp only It is 3.556 million tons, accounting for only 31.1% of wood pulp consumption and 6.84% of total pulp consumption. According to the plan formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission, by 2010, China's wood pulp self-sufficiency rate will reach 15%, wood pulp production will reach 7.5 million tons, and wood consumption will be 37 million cubic meters; by 2020, if it reaches more than 50% of the international wood The proportion of pulp is 120 million cubic meters of wood. This plan means that the paper industry's consumption of China's forest resources will increase substantially year by year. However, China's forest resources are very scarce. According to the current development speed, it is obviously unable to meet the needs of the paper industry. Therefore, the supply of wood pulp mainly depends on imports. According to the current growth rate of China's paper industry, the net export volume of wood pulp in the world will not be used for a few years. It is obviously unrealistic.
Such a large demand for forest wood does not mean that the forest conditions that are scarce in our country cannot be met, and the threat to global forest resources is increasing.
While we pay attention to the large consumption of forest resources by the paper industry, we must also see that the consumption of water resources by the paper industry cannot be ignored. According to China's current technical level, the average water consumption per ton of paper is as high as 100 tons, which is more than three times that of the world's advanced level. The amount of water consumed in the production of tens of millions of tons of paper per year in China will reach billions of tons. This figure has to attract our attention for the already precarious water resources.
From the perspective of resource consumption, if China's paper industry does not fundamentally change the current production structure and development model, China Paper may face more than just the problem of raw material depletion, but it may trigger a spread to other industries. Ecological crisis.
Why does the paper industry become environmentally friendly?
As a basic industry in China, the paper industry plays an irreplaceable role in the process of economic and social development, but we cannot ignore its environmental pollution and the objective facts of excessive consumption of forest resources. So, what causes the heavy pollution and high consumption of the paper industry? After interviewing relevant government departments and enterprises, the reporter believes that enterprises are blindly pursuing economic interests, blind economic development goals of local officials, unreasonable raw material structure, and backward production technology.
Unreasonable internal structure of industry
Bao Qiang, secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences, summed up the current situation of China's papermaking enterprises. “The pollution is large, the quantity is large, the scale is small, and the raw materials are complex. In addition to China, there are more than 4,000 papermaking enterprises in the world, and there are more than 10,000 in China. The scale of the international pulp mill is generally more than 170,000 tons per year. The scale of the paper mill is also more than 100,000 tons per year. The pulp and paper enterprises with an annual output of more than 10,000 tons only account for the total number of enterprises. About 10% of the foreign paper production, wood pulp accounted for more than 93%, while China's wood pulp is only about 14%, the rest is non-wood pulp paper, of which wheat straw pulp accounts for about 63%. Wheat straw pulp compared with wood pulp, Because of its short fiber, high silicon content, high viscosity, poor water filtration, and difficult extraction, it brings great difficulties to pollution control." The root cause of serious pollution in China's paper industry lies in the unreasonable structure, one is raw material. The structure is unreasonable, and the other is the irrational structure of the enterprise.
As far as the current situation is concerned, the papermaking industry in China is quite different from the developed countries in the world's paper industry. The problem is also very prominent. Mainly reflected in the unreasonable structure of raw materials, the proportion of wood pulp is too low, only one third of the international level. The insufficient amount of wood pulp directly leads to an unreasonable product structure. For a long time, due to the shortage of forest resources and abundant grass resources, China's paper industry has chosen a development road based on straw pulp and paper. The scale restrictions and pollution control technologies are not enough, resulting in high levels of water consumption and low levels of pollution control. International chemical wood pulp production, tons of water consumption of less than 30 tons, COD emissions of 30-50 kg; China's chemical straw pulp production, tons of pulp water consumption up to 200 tons, COD emissions of about 1350 kg. China's straw pulp production COD emissions account for about 60% of the total paper industry emissions, is the main source of pollution.
At present, the proportion of wood pulp in China's papermaking raw materials is about 20%, while the proportion of wood pulp in foreign papermaking industry is as high as 60%. The low proportion of wood pulp has severely restricted the development of China's paper industry in the direction of large-scale scale, modernization of technical equipment, and clean production.
The small scale of production is also one of the factors restricting the development of China's paper industry. According to statistics, the average size of China's wood pulp production enterprises and papermaking enterprises is only 60,000 tons and 12,000 tons, while the world (excluding China) has an average size of 170,000 tons and 80,000 tons respectively. The drawback of this kind of workshop-style production is that the technical equipment is backward. The whole is still in the foreign countries in the 1960s and 1970s, and the domestic research, development and manufacturing level is low. The large-scale pulp and paper technology and equipment must rely on imports. Expensive, SMEs simply can't think about it. The paper industry consumes about 140 cubic meters per ton of paper per ton of paper, the total output value of the paper industry is 188 cubic meters, the average water reuse rate is only 46%, and the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of pulp reaches 1.5 tons of standard coal. The average large and medium-sized enterprises are only about 30%. Experts introduced that rice straw and straw-based straw pulp raw materials have short fibers, low strength and high content of organic impurities, which cannot be applied to the requirements of modern paper industry--large high-speed paper machine, so the process is relatively simple, equipment is backward and The “papermaking” lacking in environmental protection equipment often becomes a major polluter. According to the survey, most small and medium-sized paper mills discharge sewage, and their COD indicators generally exceed three times the national standards. Only the wastewater discharge of more than 300 small paper-making enterprises in Henan accounts for 34.5% of the province's industrial wastewater discharge.
Internal cost externalization
It is not uncommon for paper companies to illegally discharge pollutants in the production process. They can often be found in the announcements issued by the newspapers and environmental protection departments at all levels. The "Water Pollution Standards for Paper Industry" revised by the State Environmental Protection Administration has been officially implemented on January 1, 2001. The Standard specifies the maximum allowable pollutant discharge (ton load) and the daily maximum water pollutant discharge concentration of the paper industry's tons of products. Wastewater discharge management of pulp and paper and pulp and paper joint enterprises in the paper industry, as well as environmental impact assessment of paper industry construction projects, design of environmental protection facilities for construction projects, completion acceptance and wastewater discharge management after commissioning Claim. However, many companies have not implemented in accordance with the "Standards" in the course of their operations. In order to save production costs, they discharge large amounts of untreated production wastewater directly into the river.
The most direct pollutant produced by papermaking is black liquor. In fact, black liquor can give birth to another industry. The alkali recovery technology invented 100 years ago is now very mature. The method is to concentrate the black liquor and then burn it to recover thermal energy and alkali. This technology is very common in foreign countries, but it is difficult to implement in China. One of the reasons is that the technology investment is relatively large, accounting for 35% of the total investment of paper mills abroad, which is equivalent to supporting the construction of an alkali plant; the second reason is that the technology is suitable for large-scale pulp mills with an annual output of 3 More than 10,000 tons of pulp mills have better application results; the third reason is that the technology has high operating costs and is difficult for small paper mills to bear. The reporter has also seen well-established alkali recovery equipment and factories in some domestic papermaking enterprises, but these equipments have been put on hold because of the high cost and poor efficiency.
When interviewed by a large paper mill in southern Sichuan, the reporter saw that the company invested tens of millions of black liquor treatment (alkali recovery) factories to be idle, as a way to cope with the public and the media. The reason is mainly because the cost of alkali recovery is too high, and the market is not well developed. In the end, this set of equipment has become a burden of the company. The company then gave up and turned the production wastewater directly to a tributary of the Yangtze River, causing the river to be seriously polluted. In order to avoid people's eyes and ears, they actually buried the sewage pipe in the center of the river a few kilometers away, and then rectified after being exposed by the local TV station. A manager of the company told reporters about this. "In fact, we also want to treat the sewage well, but it lacks economical technology. The investment in this equipment is too high, the recycling efficiency is too slow, and the enterprise cannot afford it." In China, paper-making enterprises in this situation abound, which is the root cause of serious pollution in papermaking enterprises.
Local government supervision is weak
An official of the State Environmental Protection Administration told reporters that the acquiescence of some local governments on the illegal discharge of paper-making enterprises is also an important factor causing pollution. This situation is particularly prominent in the central and western regions. The reporter learned that in the less developed regions of the central and western regions, small-scale paper mills abound, and there are dozens of counties in one county. These paper-making enterprises are important taxpayers in the local area and an important way to solve employment, which can bring temporary economic benefits to local governments.
However, since most of these enterprises are workshop-style production, they cannot solve the pollution control problem in the production process in terms of technology and capital, and are the biggest source of pollution in many places. According to the reporter's understanding, in some central and western regions, the local people are deeply hated by the paper mills. In order to protect their homes, many people constantly report the pollution problems of paper mills to relevant departments. However, due to the temporary consideration of local economic development, local governments and functional departments have adopted an attitude of blinding one eye to the violations of papermaking enterprises. If the public response is strong, they will be fined and no rectification will be made. Measures. Some local governments even shouted the slogan “Everything gives way to economic development”, resulting in the effective implementation of the work of the environmental protection department, and the relevant supervision and management work could not be put in place. The local government's behavior of neglecting long-term development strategies and pursuing short-term interests has greatly contributed to the guts of local paper companies' illegal discharges, resulting in the deterioration of regional ecology and environment.
What is the way to solve the dilemma?
The paper industry's environmental pollution and ecological damage have reached the point where non-governance is impossible. Jiang Weixin, deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission, pointed out at the video conference on national water pollution prevention and control work held not long ago that "with the guidance of the scientific concept of development, vigorously promote the adjustment of industrial structure and the transformation of growth mode, and strive to reduce structural pollution, it is to solve water from a macro perspective. Fundamental measures for pollution problems must increase the technological transformation of the paper industry and gradually solve the structural pollution of highly polluting industries.” Li Wenhua, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and dean of the School of Environment of Renmin University of China, also stressed that “in scientific development, people and Natural coordination has become the day of the times, solving pollution problems, protecting the ecology and the environment has become the 'first priority' of China's paper industry!"
Adjusting the structure, integrating the market, controlling paper pollution from the source
How to solve the problem of developing paper and protecting the environment? The reporter visited some experts with this question. Most experts believe that adjusting the structure of papermaking materials as soon as possible, accelerating the transformation of papermaking materials from “grass” to “wood”, reducing sewage discharge and water consumption is the source of measures to solve this problem.
The paper industry is highly correlated with forestry, interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Foreign paper and forestry developed countries generally combine pulp, paper, afforestation, forestry, harvesting and sales, and implement forestry-paper integration, which has enabled the paper industry and forestry to develop rapidly. In the past, China's paper industry and forestry were managed by different departments, and the organic integration between the industries was not realized. As a result, the paper industry and forestry were mutually restricted, and it was difficult to form a development environment of “paper-raising and forest-promoting paper”. Therefore, the development of China's paper industry must learn from the successful experience of the developed countries in the paper industry, vigorously develop wood pulp and paper, and take the road of integrated development of forestry and paper.
The integration of forestry and paper is the traditional management mode of breaking the separation of forestry and paper. Guided by market demand, with papermaking enterprises as the main body, applying capital ties and economic benefits, organically combine pulp and paper enterprises with paper-making forest bases to form paper-based The new industrialization pattern of forest, forest and paper, forestry and paper, to achieve the unification of economic, ecological and social benefits.
The integration of forestry and paper is a systematic project involving many aspects such as paper industry, forestry and environmental protection. It is a brand-new work in China. The preparation of medium- and long-term development plans is to improve the forestry-paper integration project and give full play to the government's macro-control. It is necessary to play the role of the market main body of the enterprise.
The "National Forest and Paper Integration Project Construction "10th Five-Year Plan and 2010 Special Plan" came into being at this time. This plan was prepared by the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Forestry Administration and other relevant functional departments and a number of scientific research units, experts and scholars. It puts forward an important strategy for the national forestry and paper integration project construction planning. It provides a good opportunity for the development of China's paper industry. In fact, China proposed to carry out this work 20 years ago, but progress has been slow. As one of the earliest advocates of forestry-paper integration, Professor Li Zhongzheng believes that “in recent years, under the strong promotion of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments, it aims to break the traditional management mode of forest paper separation in the past and encourage papermaking enterprises to build paper forests. The speed of the integration of forestry and paper integration at the base has obviously accelerated. This year, the State Council also approved the implementation of the National Forest and Paper Integration Project “10th Five-Year Plan and the 2010 Special Plan”, which is critical for the paper industry to leap from traditional to modern.”
Technological innovation, creating benefits, stimulating enterprises to actively control pollution
In papermaking wastewater, the most harmful is black liquor. According to experts, for every ton of wheat straw dry pulp, 2.5 tons of wheat grass, 7.5 tons of water and 300 kg of caustic soda are added to the steaming ball. Under high temperature steam, after several hours of cooking, the three main components of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose in the wheat straw are dissociated to form the original slurry. After separating 1 ton of pulp (cellulose) insoluble in lye from the original slurry, the rest is waste liquid, which is called black liquor because of its black color.
The reporter once saw the terrible scene of black liquor discharged into the Yangtze River: soy-like liquid spewed out from the thick water pipes, causing a thick yellowish foam on the river surface, floating a few miles down the river. A black and yellow pollution zone is also formed in the river water. If thousands of paper mills emit such emissions, the consequences can be imagined. Qi Yuxiang, inspector of the State Environmental Protection Administration, pointed out that papermaking wastewater is the most important problem in water pollution, especially in the Haihe River and Huaihe River Basin. About 70% of the pollution load comes from papermaking and brewing wastewater.
China attaches great importance to the pollution control of papermaking black liquor, and has carried out a large number of scientific and technological research work. After more than 10 years of hard work, it has made great achievements, put forward a variety of technical routes, developed a lot of processing chemicals and equipment, and identified many scientific and technological achievements. A number of demonstration projects have also been built. However, the pollution control of straw pulp paper black liquor has not yet achieved satisfactory results. Some people say that pollutants are a misplaced resource. This sentence is equally applicable to papermaking black liquor. Taking wheat grass as an example, its three main components are cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Only 40% by weight of the cellulose is sent to paper, and about 60% of the remaining lignin and hemicellulose are discarded in the black liquor. In fact, lignin is a non-toxic natural high molecular substance, which has a wide range of uses as a chemical raw material, and hemicellulose (polypentose) is a good feed material. The use of alkali recovery technology to treat black liquor, first, the size of the paper mill, the second is the higher operating costs, and the third is to make precious resources burned away. If the black liquor is treated according to the idea of resource recycling, it can solve the pollution problem and increase the economic benefits for the papermaking enterprises. This is the unified economic, social and environmental benefits, and the pollution control in line with the sustainable development direction. Technical route.
At present, domestic research has been carried out to recover alkali, lignin and water, especially to solve the problem of straw pulping black liquor treatment, and carried out an industrial test of 10,000 tons. In October 2000, the technology passed the appraisal of results approved by the State Environmental Protection Administration. The technology is adaptable, easy to promote and apply, and is not subject to scale and raw material restrictions. It is a transitional technology suitable for national conditions. According to reports, there are still many similar technologies. Some have undergone pilot tests, and some have conducted industrial experiments. However, most of these technologies still have problems such as insufficient purity of recycled products, high water content, and difficulty in comprehensive utilization. The director of a paper mill told reporters that he had accumulated 10,000 tons of recovered lignin in his factory. Because the water content is too high, no one wants white.
In the long run, judging from the requirements of national industrial policies and structural adjustments, it is still necessary to embark on the scale and implement the process of alkali recovery. However, in the current situation, the above technology is still worth promoting as a transitional technology. Therefore, under the current economic development level in China, as a supplement to the alkali recovery technology, we will seek a black liquor treatment technology route suitable for enterprises with papermaking scale below 17,000 tons/year, effectively reduce the pollution load of straw pulp and paper, and create a papermaking enterprise. The living space is of great significance to the sustainable development of China's straw pulp and paper industry.
Many paper companies have done very well in terms of environmental responsibility. Among the first batch of “national environmentally friendly enterprises” announced by the State Environmental Protection Administration, Jindong Paper, one of the largest papermaking enterprises in China, is one of them. Environmental experts believe that the “Golden East Model” of green papermaking has important demonstration significance for China's paper industry.
Jindong Paper, located in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, is a garden-style factory. This is one of the 12 papermaking enterprises of Jinguang Group Asia Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd. (APP) in China. It is the largest coated paper production plant in the world. It has an annual production capacity of over 1 million tons.
Next to the sewage treatment plant with a daily processing capacity of 50,000 tons in the plant area, hundreds of koi carp swim in a pond surrounded by green grass and grass. According to reports, the water in the pond is biologically treated wastewater, which is lower than the national first-class discharge standard. Fish farming with wastewater is not only a landscape, but also a means of biological monitoring to ensure that all wastewater is discharged. The treated wastewater is not only used for fish farming, but also 3,000 tons per day for road cleaning, greening irrigation, and plant dust suppression.
According to the reporter's understanding, the paper machine of Jindong Paper uses a closed cycle of white water. The water consumption per ton of paper has now dropped to 10 tons, only 1/6 of the national standard, which greatly reduces water consumption and wastewater discharge.
In the past seven years since its establishment, Jindong Paper has invested a total of 900 million yuan in environmental protection facilities. The removal rate of sulfur dioxide in self-provided thermal power stations is over 90%; the removal rate of boiler soot is over 99%; the fly ash produced by boilers is also turned into waste for cement production, concrete block production, etc.; The sludge is dehydrated and put into the boiler and burned with coal. It not only makes full use of the calorific value of organic matter such as fiber in the sludge, but also reduces the generation of solid waste.
“Jindong Paper has become the first “national environmentally friendly enterprise” in the paper industry, which means that black water does not necessarily accompany white paper. Papermaking enterprises are by no means synonymous with big polluters,” said the person in charge of the State Environmental Protection Administration. “As long as the paper-making enterprises take the responsibility of environmental protection seriously, they can completely embark on a new industrialization road with high technology content, good economic returns, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution and full utilization of human resources.”