History of printing
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In the early Tang Dynasty, the Chinese invented the engraving and printing technique, using pear or jujube as the plate material, carving the picture with a knife, then applying ink on the plate, then covering the paper on the inked plate, and then using the brush. Apply pressure on the paper to complete the transfer of the graphic. There is an obvious flaw in the engraving printing of this period, that is, each new graphic information needs to re-engraving a new woodblock, and the engraving process of the woodblock is very laborious and time-consuming, and the solution to this problem is also the earliest. Appeared in our country. In the Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the clay type printing. The type is composed of a single character, which can be combined to print the relevant graphic information, and can be reused after being used up. With the development of engraving technology and movable type printing, in 1340, China invented a color engraving sleeve printing plate, which is to engrave the contents of the same layout into several plates of the same size according to the color requirements, each with one color, successively printed on the same On the sheet of paper, the color ranges from the first two colors to the later five colors and seven colors. In the 1720s, the woodblock watermark version was invented, and its prints were finely crafted, beautiful in color, moderate in depth, and fresh and beautiful. The development of the movable type to the 14th century, the German Gutenberg summed up the experience of the predecessors and the printing technology achievements at that time, developed the lead, antimony, tin alloy movable type, so that the cost of text printing is greatly reduced, the quality and speed are greatly improved, for the world The history of printing has made outstanding contributions. Gutenberg is the first European to use movable type printing. His history is not well documented about his historical records. It is still uncertain whether he has used the movable type craft of the Eastern countries to develop lead type or the result of his independent research. It should be said that the valley The most important contribution of Den Burg is not the use of movable type printing but the development of the movable casting process. Gutenberg was not the first person to use metal type printing. In the early 11th century, China first invented the clay type, but the hardness was not very satisfactory. The Chinese type technology was first spread to today's North Korea, in the middle of the 13th century. The Koreans used bronze to cast movable type. About a hundred years later, Gutenberg developed a lead alloy type process, which is easier to cast and has a better printing effect, but lead is a metal that is recognized as highly toxic during heating and cooling. Harmful gases are produced and harmful to humans. In 1845, the British made a photosensitive liquid composed of dichromate and glue, which enabled the use of photographic methods to make copper-zinc plates. This is another important development in the printing history. The result is the introduction of photographic images. To printing, the ability of human beings to replicate reality has taken a big step forward, especially for the recording of historical data. The early printing was done on a hand-operated wooden printing machine. The Gutenberg era was this type. It took a whole day of busy work to complete a 200-page print, as shown in the middle of the 17th century. It is a day's work time, you can print 2,000 pages of print, the efficiency is increased by 10 times. Today, Heidelberg's SpeedMaster lithographic offset press can print more than 10,000 sheets per hour. If calculated in days, the efficiency is increased by at least 100 times, as shown in the figure: After World War II, the computer was given to the prepress. Technology has brought about a revolutionary change; text layout has evolved from manual photo-aligning machines to fully automated laser-scan imagesetters, enabling text layout to leap from the lead and fire era to the electric and optical era. In the 1970s, the invention of the electronic color separation machine enabled image processing to be faster and of higher quality. In the 1990s, with the rapid development of computer hardware and software in the professional field, in the countries and regions where the printing industry has developed technology, the commercial printing workflow gradually realized a more complete digitalization. Especially in the prepress field, the emergence of the Color Desktop Publishing System (DTP) has brought another revolution to the contemporary printing industry. Under the control of computers, scanning, digital cameras, direct plate making, digital proofing, digital printing machines and other equipment have realized digital joint operations, as shown in the figure: The printing industry entered the 21st century, and the popularity and rapid growth of the international interconnection network made For the realization of cross-national printing business to become a reality, printing, this used to be an ancient term, for every relevant practitioner today, it will be a technical field that requires constant long-term learning to effectively control.
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