Since the end of the 1970s, China has introduced plastic film mulching cultivation technology and gradually promoted it in crops such as corn and cotton. This technology has greatly improved the yield of crops in China and achieved remarkable economic benefits. The "white revolution" on the top.
In recent years, due to the obvious effect of increasing production, the film mulching technology has rapidly spread in agricultural production in China. However, some agroecological experts pointed out that the “white pollution” of residual film has exceeded the upper limit of the local farmland ecological environment. If the treatment and prevention are not accelerated, the farmland ecology will further deteriorate. Some industry insiders have high hopes for the full biodegradable agricultural mulch film, indicating that accelerating the national promotion of biodegradable agricultural mulch film will help solve the "white pollution" problem.
Full biodegradable agricultural film to solve the problem of "white pollution"
From "white revolution" to "white pollution", residual film management is imminent
In China, mulch has become one of the important material materials for agricultural production, and the coverage of crops has also expanded from cash crops to field crops such as cotton, corn and wheat. This "white revolution" has made a major contribution to safeguarding the supply of agricultural products and food security in China.
After the 1980s, Xinjiang began to promote the use of plastic film covering technology in cotton planting. From the Altay grasslands in the northernmost part of Xinjiang to the Pamirs plateau with icebergs, the film-mulching technique is quickly mastered by most local farmers. By the end of 2015, the area covered by plastic film in Xinjiang has reached 57.35 million mu, and the annual use is 280,000 tons. It has become the region with the largest area of mulching film planting, the largest amount of film used and the highest penetration rate.
The huge role played by plastic film mulching cultivation technology in agricultural yield increase is obvious to all. China's mulching film covers an area of about 300 million mu, and its annual use exceeds 1.2 million tons, ranking first in the world. However, the widespread use of mulch also brings new problems. At present, traditional agricultural plastic mulch materials are mainly polyethylene (PE), which is difficult to degrade under natural environmental conditions. In addition, there is a lack of effective treatment measures. The waste mulch film is increasing year by year in farmland soil, and pollution continues to increase. According to statistics, China's farmland will add 200,000 to 300,000 tons of residual mulch film that cannot be degraded every year, which will reduce land production and crops and destroy the ecological environment.
In Shihezi City, one of the main cotton producing areas in Xinjiang, the cotton farmer Wang Gaoyin began to turn the mantle film for the first time after ending the annual cotton picking. In the past five years, cotton farmers have become more aware of the importance of recycling residual membranes. “Every year, at least after the cotton harvest and before the spring planting, the membrane is smashed twice. Otherwise, the crops on the mulch are difficult to survive.” Wang Gaoyin has just harvested 150 mu of cotton and is ready to plow the soil before entering the winter. Residual film recovery. This work needs to be repeated before planting in the spring, and the small piece of residual film will be recycled, which costs at least 13 yuan per mu.
“Although it is once in the winter, it can recover at least one residual film of urea bag before the spring. There is no production without the film, but it is very polluted after use.” Wang Gaoyin also refused because of the residual film. He told reporters that it was not known that the residual film needed to be recycled. "In those two years, cotton died in pieces. At first, I thought that the cotton field was sick. Later, I dug the roots and found that the seeds were sowed on the residual film." Wang Gaoyin said that until the last five years, the farmers began to implement residual film recycling, consciously. The residual film is recovered. Even so, due to the uneven quality of agricultural mulch films, the recovery rate of some defective mulch films is less than 50%.
Because the traditional PE film is difficult to be completely recycled after being discarded, it is difficult to be degraded in the natural environment. Repeated use for more than 30 years has accumulated a large amount of residual film in Xinjiang farmland. Residual film pollution hinders the penetration of soil capillary water and natural water, and reduces soil pass. Permeability, destroying the soil structure, endangering the rural ecological environment and affecting the sustainable development of agriculture. At the end of 2015, the residual film retention per mu of farmland in Xinjiang was still 12.4 kg, much higher than the national average. According to the measurement, the seeds sown on the residual film have a rotten rate of 6.92%, a rotten germination rate of 5.17%, and a yield reduction of about 12%. In addition, residual film fragments may be mixed with crop straw and feed, and cattle, sheep and other livestock may cause gastrointestinal dysfunction or even death after eating. The residual film that affects the environment affects the environmental landscape and causes "visual pollution". In short, mulch residue has caused serious adverse effects on agricultural production and the environment.
However, with the continued promotion and popularization of high-tech water-saving technologies in Xinjiang and the benefits of increasing production and income, the use of mulch farmland is increasing year by year, and the treatment of “white pollution” is becoming more and more urgent. It is against this background that Xinjiang, China's largest cotton-producing region, decided to declare war on “white pollution” and introduced a series of residual film recycling policies, which have achieved positive results. However, due to cost reduction, a large number of ultra-thin films are still used in agricultural production. The current status and non-degradable characteristics of the residual film that cannot be completely recovered restrict the further cure of agricultural “white pollution”.
Biodegradable film has high cost and is difficult to promote
A polyester material obtained by polymerizing a dibasic acid and a glycol, and a biodegradable film produced by blow molding can be completely biodegraded by microorganisms in the soil after being discarded. The principle of degradation is that the surface is adhered by microorganisms, and the microorganisms are aggregated. The organic carbon in the ester is a nutrient carbon source. Under the action of the enzyme, the polymer is decomposed into fragments with lower molecular weight, and the fragments are absorbed or consumed by the microorganisms. After metabolism, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and new growth are finally formed. The substance is completely absorbed by nature.
“China has made breakthroughs in the development of fully biodegradable agricultural mulch film with independent intellectual property rights, and has become one of the leading countries in research and development.” Weng Yunxuan, Secretary General of the Degradable Plastics Committee of China Plastics Processing Industry Association, introduced from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, According to the results of a variety of crop control experiments in Shaanxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong, biodegradable mulch film and traditional polyolefin mulch film, combined with agronomic measures, not only play the role of insulation, preservation, and yield increase, but also According to the growth needs of specific crops in specific regions and specific climatic conditions, the rate of degradation can be designed and controlled, so that the increasingly serious "white pollution" can be effectively contained and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
“Traditional PE film will not degrade for decades or even hundreds of years. It is the root cause of the 'white pollution' of agricultural land. It is visible pollution; the additive type partially degraded mulch film is not completely degraded, and disintegration into film fragments cannot be picked up. "Invisible pollution." Ding Jianping, general manager of the research and development center of Xinjiang Blue Mountain Weihe Chemical Co., Ltd. introduced that Lanshan Weihe Company cooperated with Tsinghua University in 2012 to develop resin for biodegradable film, and carried out research on blending blown film technology. It has been tested in 14 provinces and cities across the country, and has achieved good results.
After four years of field trials, according to the monitoring data of Xinjiang Blue Mountain Weihe Chemical Co., Ltd. at various planting sites, after the end of the crop growth cycle, the biodegradable mulch film degraded more than 80%, and affected the agronomy and growth of crops. Not much, the processing of tomato, potato and sugar beet can increase production by 5% to 20%. After biodegradable mulching, the amount of soil microbes does not change significantly.
Weng Yunxuan believes that the promotion of biodegradable mulch film in the country as a breakthrough can promote the widespread application of biodegradable plastics in other fields, thus promoting the overall rise of the industry, making the "plastic limit" and "ban plastic" more rapid and significant.
However, due to the lack of specific and operability restrictions or prohibition regulations, the promotion and application of biodegradable agricultural mulch film is difficult, and the market is slow to develop due to high production and use costs. The prospects are not optimistic.
“Because the price of biodegradable film is too expensive, under the current economic conditions, the environmental awareness of farmers is still in its infancy. Without government subsidies and policy support, farmers have no ability to buy.” Weng Yunxuan said that biodegradable mulch should replace conventional It is difficult to achieve the mainstream of the mulch film, and there are many constraints in the comprehensive application of agricultural production.
The reporter found that at present, the promotion and application of biodegradable mulch film is still in a small pilot stage, and no scale effect has been formed. The R&D and promotion of raw material enterprises have made large investments, making the cost of biodegradable mulch film production higher than that of traditional PE film.
In the tomato field of the Zhongyou Weihe River in Manas County, Xinjiang, the residual film of the traditional film in the soil can be seen everywhere. “Based on the price of biodegradable mulch film of 26 yuan/kg, the cost of one mu of land ranges from 120 to 180 yuan, which is 2.5 times that of PE film. It is difficult for farmers to accept it. In addition, the land transfer of farmers does not care about recycling and residue. Zhao Ruiming, director of the COFCO General Office of COFCO, said that the land was transferred from the hands of farmers, and there were many residual films in the ground. However, after testing with biodegradable mulch film, the reporter can see the soil, and the biodegradable residual film has gradually been "eating" by microorganisms.
Today, in the cotton growing areas where mulch is widely used, most farmers are only in the “heard of” stage of degradable mulch. In Shihezi City, where the cotton farmer Wang Gaoyin is located, Wang Gaoyin also heard that the local test of degradable mulch film in 2016, but the cost is high and the degradation time is not ideal.
Weng Yunxuan and other industry insiders believe that despite the high cost of biodegradable materials, it has many advantages that are difficult to replace. The United States, Europe, Japan and other countries have introduced a series of policies to support the development, production and promotion of such new materials.
Weng Yunxuan introduced that the environmental project promoted by Germany and Italy has proved that as long as it meets the European Union's biodegradable mulch film, it can solve the pollution problem of traditional mulch film. In Japan, Japan established the Japan Biodegradable Agricultural Materials Association in 2009. And the promotion of the use of biodegradable mulch film, the biodegradable mulch film has accounted for more than 5% of the total mulch film in Japan. It is the introduction of these policies and measures that biodegradable materials and agricultural mulch films have been rapidly developed and promoted in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries, so that the ecological environment is rapidly improved and effectively protected.
Accelerate the improvement of the application and incentive mechanism
Some industry insiders believe that with the continuous optimization of production processes, China is now able to fully meet large-scale, mechanized production operations, and basically form a relatively complete biodegradable film industry chain. In this regard, the industry suggests to speed up the promotion and application of incentives to curb the increasingly serious "white pollution" and achieve sustainable agricultural development.
—— The state should introduce relevant policies and regulations as soon as possible, adopt practical and feasible measures, carry out propaganda and guidance, strengthen market supervision, and improve and improve the application of biodegradable mulch film incentive mechanism. For products that are seriously polluted by the environment, production and use are completely banned; the old products that can be replaced by fully degradable materials are taxed, or environmental resource fees are levied to support the research and development of environmentally friendly new products and promote industrial upgrading.
—— Establish a group of enterprises with independent intellectual property rights, master core technologies, and drive the healthy and rapid development of the entire industry, further develop new technologies and new technologies, and strive to reduce product costs and reduce the number of products while ensuring product quality and performance. The traditional film price is poor and the performance is improved. At present, it is still necessary to implement special subsidies for the production and sales of key enterprises in the form of industrialized special funds to solve the problem of high R&D and production costs in the early stage.
Because the price of biodegradable mulch film is too expensive, under the current economic conditions, the environmental awareness of farmers is still in its infancy. Without government subsidies and policy support, farmers have no ability to purchase, biodegradable mulch film has to replace conventional membrane to become the mainstream of mulch. It is difficult to achieve, and there will be many constraints in the full application of agricultural production. Therefore, it is recommended that production enterprises strengthen the research and development of synthetic technology, improve production technology, expand the scale, and improve the enthusiasm of farmers to apply biodegradable plastic film. The mulching processing enterprise strengthens the research and development of processing technology, and further reduces the cost and improves the physical properties of the biodegradable mulch by improving the blending modification and other means. Study the feasibility of establishing a plant in a centralized manner in the use of mulch film.
—— Establish demonstration and promotion of special funds, increase promotion and application, select different regions, and expand pilot projects and scope for different crops. Like the promotion of electric vehicles and agricultural machinery, the financial subsidy policy is adopted to provide price subsidies for the purchase and use of degradable mulch films, thereby increasing the enthusiasm and consciousness of farmers to apply biodegradable mulch films.
Weng Yunxuan and other experts suggested that according to the comprehensive key factors and key crops in the country, according to the comprehensive factors such as film film consumption and transportation convenience, the project should be selected and tested in a wider range of provinces and cities, and gradually expanded on the basis of demonstration and application. To achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
“In terms of the use of mulch film in China, Shandong, Xinjiang, Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Henan, Hunan, Heilongjiang and other provinces and cities have a large amount of use. Therefore, some of the above provinces and cities can be selected for a larger amount of climate. Representative provinces and cities have carried out pilot applications of biodegradable mulch films.” Weng Yunxuan suggested that several typical crops such as corn, cotton, potato, tobacco and watermelon should be selected as research objects.
—— Adopting a low tax rate for the import of raw materials related to fully biodegradable materials, formulating a more reasonable export tax rebate rate, and exempting income-related raw materials for biodegradable raw materials, processing, products and equipment, and returning the value-added tax; To support the development of high-quality enterprises related to biodegradation, in accordance with the new corporate income tax regulations, implement preferential policies for reduction and exemption; price subsidies or tax exemptions for production units, appropriate subsidies for farmers to use; establish special funds, conduct technical training, project demonstration and Promote applied research.
—— It is recommended that all parties concerned form an alliance operation mode during the demonstration phase, and establish between raw material enterprises, between raw material enterprises and processing enterprises, between processing enterprises and farmers, farmers and recycling units, as well as enterprises, farmers, associations and scientific research units. The alliance between the two, from production to application, from application to processing and evaluation, becomes an effective network, which leads to a multi-party linkage pattern of production, application, recycling and degradation.
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