Ecological packaging of modern packaging technology
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First, the production and development of ecological packaging
The white garbage that flies in the sky and the domestic waste piled up in the corner of the city have seriously affected the environmental sanitation of the city and caused widespread concern. Cleaning up waste is no longer the responsibility of the environmental protection department, but all human beings should pay more attention and think deeply. The problem. Population, environment and resources are the three major factors affecting the development of human society. The modern packaging industry is one of the most closely related industrial sectors involving population, environment and resources. In June 2005, Comrade Hu Jintao clearly pointed out at the National Population, Environment and Resources Symposium that actively carrying out international environmental management system certification and promoting environmental labeling products is very important for promoting the development of foreign trade and commodity packaging.
The impact of modern packaging industry on human society has deepened. Especially since the 1970s, due to the rapid development of the world packaging industry, the world's problems such as environmental degradation, resource shortage and energy shortage have not only hindered the sustainable development of the world economy. It also jeopardizes the safety of human survival; the problem of urban and rural garbage and packaging waste has drawn wide attention. Authoritative data show that the amount of packaging waste is closely related to the country's industrial development and living standards. Usually the degree of development of a country or city can be expressed in terms of the proportion of packaging waste in municipal waste.
Eco-packaging first appeared in European countries. In order to promote the successful experience of the Netherlands in the packaging movement, the “National Friends of the Earth” Netherlands Division prepared a report on the environmentally friendly packaging environment and established a sustainable packaging action network. SPAN Europe). SPAN is a network of 55 groups from 27 countries in Europe. The purpose of the SPAN is to develop ecological packaging applications with minimal environmental impact in countries. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held on June 5, 1972, the Environmental Declaration issued by more than 120 countries triggered a worldwide green revolution, and the maintenance of ecological green packaging became the main force. International organizations such as ISO, Greenpeace International (GP) and International Brand Alliance (IBF) have also consistently emphasized the use of renewable resources for waste packaging materials. The concept of ecological packaging is beginning to translate into practical environmentally friendly products. According to the latest report, there are more than 1,000 kinds of environmental labeling products in China. In 2005, the output value exceeded 50 billion yuan. Packaging companies are working hard in the direction of “more than three less” (multiple output, less investment, less consumption, less pollution).
The green packaging logo has also been gradually adopted by countries all over the world. The green packaging logo is also called environmental label and ecological logo. It is organized by government departments or public and industry organizations to issue certificates to relevant manufacturers to prove the production of their products. The use and disposal process are all in line with environmental protection requirements, and are harmless or harmless to the environment, and are conducive to the regeneration and recycling of resources. In 1975, the world's first "green" logo for green packaging came out in Germany. The world's first green packaging "green dot" logo is a circular pattern consisting of green arrows and white arrows. The upper text is composed of German DERGRNEPONKT, which means "green dot".
Since then, countries around the world have developed and implemented environmental labels for product packaging. Such as Canada's "Maple Leaf Logo", Japan's "Love the Earth", the United States' "Natural Friendly" and Certificate System, China's "Environmental Mark", the European Community's "European Flower", Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, etc. The "white swan" of the Nordic countries. With the development and use of environmental labels in various countries, the packaging industry in the world is also developing in the direction of regularization and environmental protection. The ecological signs of some countries are shown in Figure 1:
Second, the concept and design of ecological packaging
Eco-packaging, also known as sustainable packaging, refers to packaging materials that are used to save packaging materials resources, reduce packaging waste, and can be reused and recycled, including environmentally and human-friendly packaging materials, biodegradable plastics. Packaging, reusable glass containers, etc. It has three aspects:
First, the production of materials requires less environmental resources;
The second is to ensure that the materials have good comprehensive performance in production and use;
Third, after the materials are used, they can be recycled or reused or have little environmental pollution.
At the same time, the principle of ecological packaging can be summarized as the 4R1D principle: (1) The principle of packaging reduction (Reduce), that is, the package should be used at the minimum under the conditions of protection, convenience, sales, etc.; (2) Reusable principle (Reuse), that is, it is not easy to discard products that can be reused; (3) Recycle, that is, recycling and recycling of discarded packaging products; (4) generating new value principle (Recover), ie Use incineration to obtain energy and fuel; (5) Degradable principle, that is, packaging should be easy to degrade naturally, and it is harmless to humans and organisms.
In reality, packaging design generally focuses on the packaging itself, mainly considering the packaging's protection function for goods, the transmission of relevant information, and the improvement of commodity competitiveness. This approach is not comprehensive, and eco-packaging requires designers to focus on the entire life cycle of packaging, ie the production of packaging materials, the processing of packaging containers, the sale of packaging products, and the recycling stages, and coordinating the various stages of the life cycle. Thinking, and strive to meet the ecological requirements of each life cycle, in order to facilitate sustainable development. The process of ecological packaging design is shown in Figure 2:
Third, ecological packaging materials
Ecological packaging materials are “small characters” in the field of ecological materials, but the content involved is very wide. It includes natural materials, metallic materials, non-metallic materials, polymer materials, and composite materials. Due to the short ecological cycle of packaging materials, this has attracted the attention of material experts. Some developed countries have done a lot of work on the research of ecological packaging materials.
In recent years, experts have explored the laws governing changes in the ecological environment caused by packaging materials, developed packaging materials that can protect the ecological environment, and studied the theory of self-decomposition and degradation of recyclable plastic packaging materials, and developed a method for research and development of non-polluting packaging materials. , processing technology and manufacturing provide a theoretical basis. Experts suggest that from the environmental point of view, re-evaluate and study the rationality of existing packaging material systems, as well as the physical and chemical properties and special functions of packaging materials. This requires reconsideration of the constituent components, processing techniques, physicochemical properties and main uses of the packaging material.
The following are some of the promising ecological packaging materials and their research directions.
1. Corn starch resin - promising prospects
This resin is made from corn and is plasticized. The packaging material made of it can be disposed of by burning, biochemical decomposition and insect eating, thereby eliminating the danger of white pollution. It is reported that the amount of plastic produced per ton of corn resin in Taiwan is almost the same as the quantity produced by plastic pellets. According to Taiwan's plastics industry statistics, the world produces about 100 million tons of plastic products each year, including 30 million tons of disposable packaging materials. It takes a lot of social cost to solve the pollution caused by these materials. If corn resin can successfully replace some of the packaging plastics, it is estimated that there will be about 10 billion US dollars per year.
2. Degradable plastic packaging - unlimited potential
Degradable plastic packaging has great market potential in agriculture, daily chemical, medical, food and other fields. In 2000, China's plastic packaging output was more than 3 million tons, of which disposable plastic packaging, which is difficult to recycle, accounted for about 30%, resulting in more than 1 million tons of plastic waste, more than 400,000 tons of plastic film production, and disposable daily necessities only authentic. The product is about 400,000 tons and the production of plastic waste is nearly 2 million tons. Therefore, the prospect of degrading plastic materials is far-reaching. At present, research on degradable plastics has yielded certain results.
(1) Biodegradable plastics The ideal biodegradable plastic is a polymer material that has excellent performance and can be completely decomposed by environmental microorganisms after being discarded.
Paper is a biodegradable material, and the commonly used synthetic plastic is a non-degradable polymer material. Biodegradable plastics are new types of polymer materials that combine the degradability of paper with the high performance of synthetic plastics. The degradation mechanism of biodegradable polymer (macromolecular) materials has been confirmed: the high molecular weight macromolecules are mainly decomposed into small molecular weight fragments by bacteria or their hydrolases, and then further decomposed into carbon dioxide and water by bacteria. Can be divided into three categories:
Polyester produced by microorganisms. It is a microbial fermentable macromolecule which depolymerizes and decomposes polyesters which are easily biodegradable in nature by enzymes produced by microorganisms, and then decomposes and absorbs synthetic polymer compounds, which contain microbial polyesters and microbial polysaccharides.
Natural polymers (starch, cellulose, etc.) from plants. Research on this kind of starch synthesis biodegradable plastics at home and abroad is very hot. In the United States, Vanas Rambart Pharmaceuticals controls the degree of branching of starch macromolecules by manipulating the genetics of plants, thereby producing biodegradable plastics based on cheap starch.
Chemically synthesized polymer. The use of chemically synthesized biodegradable plastics, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), has been used since 1975, but it is used very limited and is said to degrade 95% after 12 months of burying the soil. PCL and starch blends, PCL and PHBV blends, PCL and nylon blends have been developed, and other biodegradable polyesters based on proteins, urea and polysaccharides have also been produced.
(2) Chemically degradable plastic water-soluble plastic packaging film as a novel green packaging material, is widely used in the packaging of various products in Europe, America, Japan and other countries, such as pesticides, fertilizers, pigments, dyes, detergents, water treatment Agents, mineral additives, detergents, concrete additives, chemical reagents for photography, and chemical reagents for horticultural care. Its main features are: complete degradation, the final products of degradation are CO2 and H2O, which can completely solve the disposal problem of packaging waste; it is safe and convenient to use, avoiding direct contact of the user with the packaged object, and can be used for packaging harmful human materials; Good mechanical properties, heat sealable, high heat seal strength; anti-counterfeiting function, can extend the life cycle of quality products.
The main raw material of the water-soluble packaging film is polyvinyl alcohol having a low degree of alcoholysis. The film forming property, water solubility and degradability of polyvinyl alcohol are used, and various additives such as surfactants, plasticizers, anti-adhesive agents, etc. are added. .
Water-soluble film has good packaging characteristics and environmental protection characteristics, so it has been widely valued by developed countries and has a very good application prospect. For example, Japan, the United States, France, etc. have mass-produced and sold such products, such as W.T.P. and C.C.I.P in the United States, GREENSOL in France, and synthetic chemistry companies in Japan. The domestic Zhuzhou Institute of Technology and Guangdong Zhaoqing Fangxing Packaging Materials Co., Ltd., under the support of the Science and Technology Department of China National Packaging Corporation, jointly developed the water-soluble film and production equipment that has passed the provincial and ministerial level appraisal, and has been put into production, and its products are coming to market. .
3. Research direction of ecological packaging development
The transformation of ordinary packaging materials into ecological packaging materials is a profound technological revolution. At present, nanotechnology biogene technology has also begun to be applied in ecological packaging.
Nano plastics have excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, heat resistance, good gloss and transparency, high barrier properties, excellent processing properties, and are eco-friendly materials that can be used in food, various chemical raw materials, and toxic substances. package.
A degradable plastic that utilizes nanotechnology to efficiently catalyze the synthesis of CO2 has been successfully developed by the Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This kind of degradable plastic polymerized with CO2 and propylene oxide can replace the fast-food packaging container widely used in the market, which not only solves the environmental problems caused by CO2, but also avoids the "white pollution" caused by the use of plastic packaging. ".
Gene technology is also one of the research directions. Using advanced genetic artificial orientation design and splicing technology, plants can grow containers of various shapes and colors according to people's design requirements (even these containers can also be pre-designed. Various patterns and patterns), such as the packaging of various milk, juice, vinegar, and the outer packaging of various disposable tableware can be directly grown from a genetically sheared corn plant, and the future bottle may be from A pepper plant created by genetic modification technology is directly harvested.