Biodegradable materials make the world really bright
"The world has since become bright and beautiful. It is like a magician, able to satisfy every hope and request." In 1941, two British scientists imagined the "future world surrounded by colorful plastic products" in poetic language. ". Nowadays, plastic has indeed completely changed our lives. It is inseparable from food packaging, daily necessities, clothing and accessories, and even modern medicine. But people have gradually realized that although plastic greatly provides convenience to people’s lives, it also brings a dark side to our lives. The piles of "white pollution" drifting and piling up on lakes, oceans and land. "It shows no signs of degradation. In 2002, the most commonly used plastic bag was selected as the "worst invention of mankind" by the British "Guardian".
As the most effective way to solve "white pollution", biodegradable materials have gradually attracted the attention of environmental experts, materials scientists and people in more fields. Biodegradable materials refer to polymer materials that can undergo chemical, biological or physical action to degrade or enzymatically degrade under the action of microorganisms existing in nature such as bacteria, fungi, and algae. Biodegradable materials can be divided into natural polymer biodegradable materials, biodegradable materials synthesized by microorganisms, and degradable materials synthesized by humans. Natural polymer degradable materials are a class of macromolecules extracted from the body or directly obtained from the natural environment. They have good biocompatibility but poor mechanical properties, including natural proteins, polysaccharides and their derivatives and some biosynthesis Polyester, such as collagen, starch, dextran, cellulose, etc. The biodegradable materials synthesized by microorganisms are mainly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), such as polyhydroxyvalerate, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc. Most synthetic biodegradable materials are aliphatic polyesters with ester groups introduced into the molecular structure, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), etc.
At present, starch-based plastic is the most common degradable material in our lives. For example, it is used in some disposable tableware. It mainly uses starch, cellulose and lignin in plants, as well as chitosan, aminodextran, animal glue in animals, and algae from marine organisms to prepare biodegradable materials. For example, using corn and starch to make starchy toothpicks can prevent large amounts of forest resources from being felled, which has great market potential and competitiveness.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is another most commonly used biodegradable material. You may have never heard of polylactic acid, but you must know lactic acid. Everyone has experienced the feeling of sore body after strenuous exercise. Polylactic acid is a polymer formed by dehydration and polymerization of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in lactic acid. Polylactic acid has no pollution during the entire production process, its performance is similar to many engineering plastics, and it has high compatibility with organisms. Therefore, PLA is not only widely used in traditional packaging, automotive industry (doors, rims, car seats, etc.), electronics industry (CDs, mobile phone cases, etc.), it can also be made into artificial skin, non-removable surgical sutures, and drugs Relief packaging agents, artificial fracture internal fixation materials, etc.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-this should be a new term for everyone. PHA is an internal polyester formed in microorganisms, and it is a natural polymer biomaterial. PHA can be as hard as engineering plastics or as soft as rubber, and its powerful diversity makes it more widely used. In recent years, it has gradually become a research hotspot in biological functional materials and degradable materials. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is another type of degradable material that entered the field of materials research in the 1990s. Compared with degradable plastics such as PHA and PCL, PBS has the characteristics of low price and excellent mechanical properties. In the fields of garbage bags, packaging bags, cosmetic bottles, drug slow-release carrier substrates, and biomedical polymer materials. In addition, in 2004, my country took the lead in the development of carbon dioxide polymer degradable materials using hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide in the air. The appearance of the product is very similar to polyethylene plastics. It can be completely degraded in the soil in a short time and is directly absorbed by plants .
At the moment when environmental protection calls are increasing, biodegradable materials have good development prospects and have a wide range of applications, such as packaging, fiber, agriculture, injection molding, and medical applications. According to existing statistics, it is estimated that by 2020, the total global demand for biodegradable materials will reach about 3.22 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of over 16%. The rapid growth of demand indicates that the biodegradable material industry is showing a trend of shifting and speeding up, and the prospect is worth looking forward to.
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