Hundreds of years of engraving printing base
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Many years ago, when I read the Hakka literature and history materials, the author knew that Sibao Township in Liancheng County in the west of the country was once a famous place in the country. The engraving printing industry began in the Southern Song Dynasty and developed in the Ming Dynasty. It was in Qing Dynasty and Jiaqing. During the year, there were more than 100 bookstores in the year, and 72% of the villagers in the village were engaged in engraving and printing. The printed books were exported to 150 counties in 13 provinces of Jiangnan and Nanyang countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. It is the “Oriental Engraving Ancient Town” and is listed as the four major engraving printing bases in China along with Beijing, Hankou and Jiangxi Liwan.
One day not long ago, several "photographers" who studied the Hakkas in Meizhou, drove to Sibao Township, Liancheng County, about 250 kilometers away from Meizhou, and recorded the cultural relics left by the lens, and used the mind and body to understand the book. The charm of the style.
Carved engraving
Is the most complicated and elaborate process
Sibao Township is located at the foot of the Fengfeng Mountain in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province. It is located at the junction of Liancheng, Changting, Qingliu and Ninghua. In 1999, it was listed as “Provincial Historical and Cultural Township” by the provincial government. Gushufang was listed as “National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit” by the State Council. In 2005, Sibao Engraving Printing Exhibition Hall was listed as “China Printing Museum Fujian (Liancheng) Branch” and “China Printing Museum Fujian (Liancheng) Printing Culture Protection Base” .
We went to the four fort after more than three hours of high speed. From the car, first rushed to the four-burger engraving exhibition hall behind the township government. The exhibition hall is located in the "Dingshanggong" of the Zou's ancient ancestral temple in Wuge Village. It was built in the 21st year of Qing Emperor Qianlong (1756) and has a history of more than 260 years. The exhibition hall consists of a gatehouse, an upper hall, a lower hall, four left and right wing rooms and a patio. The gatehouse is a loft-style building with four corners and a majestic elegance. In January 1930, when Zhu De led the Red Fourth Army from Gutian to Jiangxi, he passed through the four fort, handling military aircraft and commanding operations in the village. In the exhibition hall, there are many ancient printing plates, ancient books, stone ink cylinders, ink fountains, book cutting knives, cut bookshelves, engraving plates, ink brushes, and many other printing tools and printing consoles, miniature ancient study models, and printing. Character wax figures, video introductions, etc., preserve the most complete ancient line book and engraving printing tools in China.
Engraving printing operations can be roughly divided into six processes, namely, cutting wood version, editing and writing, engraving engraving, ink-adjusting paper, printing pagination, binding trimming and so on. Some cultured people are engaged in editing and writing, engraving and engraving, ordinary male workers engaged in ink-adjusting and paper-cutting, etc. Women are responsible for printing, trimming, binding, and packaging. Among them, the engraving and engraving is the most complicated, delicate, difficult and time-consuming process, and the embryonic plate must use hard wood such as pear wood or jujube without thrift. If it is a "big picture" masterpiece such as "Kangxi Dictionary", "Dream of Red Mansions", "Four Books and Five Classics", it will take five or six years for a simple engraving and engraving. The engraving of a book is to be stored in a room of ten or twenty square meters. It can be seen that it is not easy to complete the engraving of a book. Therefore, when the four castles are separated by the brothers, regardless of the cows, they can't divide the fields and divide the rice. They only divide the engraving version, as long as they have engravings in their hands, they will not eat and drink. In February 2008, Sibao engraving skills were listed as the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection projects by the Ministry of Culture.
Four Fort Engraving
Why have it flourished for hundreds of years?
From the exhibition hall, a problem naturally lingers in our minds: the four fort and the thousands of Hakka villages, there is nothing special, and there have never been cultural celebrities who have read poetry, why the engraving of the engraving What have been the industry for hundreds of years?
Regarding the reasons for the four-burger printing industry, there are two kinds of local sayings. Ma and Zou have two names. Ma surnamed that originated in the Ming Chenghua years, the Ma Clan horse taming to the second product of the court of the right to the royal history, served as the Sichuan Buzheng, Huguang governor, after the return of the hometown, Hankou and other places to bring the printing back to their hometown, The revision of the genealogy, engraving poetry, opened the precedent of the Mawu printing industry. However, the Zou family believed that it originated in the eight years of Ming Wanli. When Zou Xuesheng returned to his hometown from Hangzhou, his wife, Mrs. Shao, was still in her hometown of Hangzhou, and worried that her children could not get a good education. Zou Xuesheng came out and bought back Hangzhou Lantern Festival and a full set of engraving printing equipment. The move deeply touched the lady and opened the prelude to the local engraving. For these two versions, who is right and wrong, it is difficult to determine, but these two legends have put a romantic aura on the four-burger printing industry.
Walking through the village streets of Sibao, you can see many ancient bookshops. There are more than 100 ancient bookstores built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the four fort, which are mainly distributed in Mawu Village and Wuge Village, which are about one kilometer apart. The surname of Ma is concentrated in Mawu Village. Zou surnamed in Wuge Village. Most of the bookshops in the two villages are located in the ancestral halls or village houses, named after the “tang”, “floor” and “ge”. The engraving industry of Sibao started from a family workshop and gradually developed into a family-owned industry. There are no idlers in the family that set up workshops. There are logging, picking, engraving, and mimeographing. The old and the weak can also cut paper, bind, and fold pages. With the increase of the bookshop and the expansion of the scale, the Markov and Zou family naturally differentiated into a group of booksellers who specialize in selling books.
At the time of its prosperity, it reached more than one hundred bookstores. How to avoid two or more reprints of the same book? This is another question that we have generated during the visit.
Originally, in order to avoid repeated printing of the same book number between the workshops, the two villages have developed corresponding village regulations. The most important of these are two: one is "one year old refreshed." That is, before the first month of the coming year, each bookshop must post a copy of all the books published in the following year on the wall of the bookstore, so that the first month of the first month of the first month can understand each other. Once the book number is repeated, the village elders will coordinate. The second is the “old version reuse”. The village regulations stipulate that if a bookstore wants to print a book edition already in another bookstore, the old edition can be rented among the bookstores, but it is not allowed to mark it when it is printed. These regulations have a positive side on the surface, but there is also a conservative side. The family-style management style, the concept of "fat and water does not flow outside the field", makes the four-burger engraving printing industry a closed fortress, although some workshops will hire some ex-gratia craftsmen when busy, but the four fort The engraving workshop has been monopolized by Ma and Zou, and the key technologies are never passed on. The four-burger engraving printing industry from the rise to the glory to the annihilation, can not be completely attributed to the introduction of lithography and seal printing in the late Qing Dynasty. The closed and narrow family concept encircled the four-burger engraving industry in the cage of the small rich and the safe, not thinking and enterprising, sitting on the ground and looking at the sky, lacking the sense of crisis, so when it came to an external shock, it quickly fell apart.
Major work
Only one full engraving
We also learned the fact that in the many large-scale works that have been printed, there is only one engraved version of the book, which has to be regretted and regretted. Why is this happening? This makes it necessary to mention the place of "Guandi Dam".
Guandi Dam is located at the junction of the two family villages of Zou and Ma. After the 15th lunar month of the lunar calendar, it is the trading center of Sibao Book Market. Booksellers in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and other places gathered here to carry out the purchase and sale business of sample ordering. Guandi Dam became a commercial place for the sales of Sibao, and it is a treasure place for the villagers to bring benefits. However, no one expected that it would become a sad place for the Four Fortress. In the mid-60s of the last century, the "Breaked Four Old" situation swept the engravings and ancient books that were hidden in various households. The villagers put them into the hustle or the valley, and they concentrated on one Guandi Dam, large and small engravings and ancient books piled up like mountains. A big fire burned for three days and three nights, and the blood of the centuries was suddenly put into the east, turning into smoke and rising into the sky.
The wheel of history cannot be turned, and we can't witness the grand occasion of the year. Due to the impact of foreign printing, Sibao engraving has proliferated for hundreds of years and gradually declined at the beginning of the last century. In 1942, Sibao’s book was finally withdrawn. The historical stage ended the glory of one of the four major engraving printing bases. The current four-carved engraving has become a cultural project of protection and inheritance, becoming a historical and cultural site.
I think that the Hakka people have the traditional habit of cultivating the family and the imperial examinations. Perhaps the Hakka people's fine tradition has created the four-burger printing industry from one side, and the printing industry of Sibao has contributed to the development. The rich cultural atmosphere of the tourist areas in the mountainous areas of Guangdong and Fujian.